TABLE 3.

Comparison of results from surveys investigating the practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports.

References				Ebben et al. [6]	Ebben et al. [7]	Ebben et al. [8]	Simenz et al. [9]	Far Saeed et al. [10]	Jones et al. [11]	Weldon et al. [12]	Weldon et al. [13]	Mean
Sample Size				26	23	21	20	100	43	52	33	40
Strength and Power	Percentage of coaches who use periodization strategies to structure programs.			69%	91%	86%	85%	100%	88%	98%	97%	89%
	Number of strength/power development sessions delivered per week (p.wk) during the off-season.	1 p.wk		4%	4%	0%	5%	0%	0%	8%	0%	3%
		2 p.wk		4%	0%	0%	0%	22%	7%	44%	27%	13%
		3 p.wk		27%	22%	24%	50%	70%	26%	62%	64%	43%
		4 p.wk		73%	52%	71%	70%	0%	58%	27%	30%	48%
		5 p.wk		8%	26%	5%	25%	0%	23%	12%	9%	13%
		6 p.wk		0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	9%	4%	9%	3%
	Number of strength/power development sessions delivered per week (p.wk) during the in-season.	1 p.wk		4%	n/a	0%	0%	n/a	2%	35%	52%	15%
		2 p.wk		46%	n/a	62%	70%	n/a	33%	62%	67%	57%
		3 p.wk		46%	n/a	29%	65%	n/a	81%	40%	42%	51%
		4 p.wk		27%	n/a	10%	20%	n/a	9%	15%	12%	16%
		5 p.wk		0%	n/a	5%	10%	n/a	2%	4%	0%	4%
	Duration (minutes) of strength/power development sessions delivered per week during the off-season.	0–15 m		n/a	0%	0%	0%	12%	0%	4%	0%	2%
		16–30 m		n/a	0%	0%	5%	14%	5%	17%	3%	6%
		31–45 m		n/a	13%	24%	20%	23%	9%	54%	30%	25%
		46–60 m		n/a	78%	76%	40%	42%	51%	37%	57%	54%
		> 60 m		n/a	9%	0%	40%	9%	30%	27%	54%	24%
	Duration (minutes) of strength/power development sessions delivered per week during the in-season.	0–15 m		0%	0%	10%	n/a	n/a	n/a	4%	3%	3%
		16–30 m		15%	0%	76%	n/a	24%	5%	42%	46%	30%
		31–45 m		58%	13%	14%	n/a	27%	28%	58%	70%	38%
		46–60 m		15%	78%	0%	n/a	47%	60%	30%	42%	39%
		> 60 m		12%	9%	0%	n/a	2%	16%	10%	15%	9%
	Percentage of coaches who prescribe Olympic weightlifting exercises.			88%	91%	29%	95%	83%	88%	67%	88%	79%
	Percentage of coaches who use percentage of repetition maximum to determine set loads.			42%	35%	19%	30%	37%	72%	29%	33%	37%
Speed	Exercises used for speed development.	Speed		n/a	83%	n/a	100%	78%	58%	83%	88%	82%
		Plyometrics		65%	83%	81%	90%	92%	30%	87%	88%	77%
		Form Running		77%	43%	100%	80%	69%	30%	38%	64%	63%
		Resisted Running		65%	65%	52%	70%	24%	30%	52%	55%	52%
		Speed Endurance		81%	78%	86%	90%	33%	0%	33%	45%	56%
		Over-Speed Running		58%	43%	19%	35%	71%	0%	19%	15%	33%
Plyometrics	Exercises used for plyometrics.	Multiple Hops/Jumps/Lunges		65%	78%	67%	85%	68%	74%	89%	85%	76%
		Box Drills		58%	91%	71%	85%	61%	74%	79%	73%	74%
		Jumps in Place		46%	83%	86%	80%	82%	74%	54%	79%	73%
		Bounding		65%	70%	62%	80%	n/a	72%	79%	79%	72%
		Upper Body		46%	87%	76%	100%	65%	63%	12%	48%	62%
		Standing Jump		46%	39%	33%	50%	74%	70%	63%	82%	57%
		Depth Jumps		27%	22%	10%	40%	66%	63%	56%	67%	44%
	Purpose for using plyometric exercises.	Speed Development		62%	70%	71%	80%	80%	n/a	81%	75%	74%
		Lower Body Power		50%	74%	81%	90%	54%	37%	87%	70%	68%
		Upper Body Power		42%	70%	48%	85%	64%	n/a	2%	36%	50%
		Improve Jumps		n/a	n/a	10%	90%	34%	n/a	63%	36%	47%
		Total Body Training		46%	70%	52%	85%	31%	n/a	8%	30%	46%
	Stage of season that coaches use plyometric exercises.	Year Round		15%	57%	38%	45%	64%	56%	71%	73%	52%
		Pre-Season		27%	35%	n/a	40%	48%	42%	23%	24%	34%
		Pre-Training Camp		19%	26%	43%	40%	52%	12%	n/a	n/a	32%
		In-Season		12%	30%	33%	15%	16%	47%	25%	15%	24%
		Training Camp		4%	30%	33%	10%	40%	5%	4%	6%	17%
		Post Season/Off-Season		23%	22%	10%	35%	16%	1%	2%	9%	15%
	Methods used for integrating plyometric exercises within training programs.		Complex Training/Within Weight Training	27%	57%	43%	60%	14%	58%	52%	52%	45%
			Before Weights	35%	39%	48%	45%	16%	0%	37%	55%	33%
			Separate Days	15%	43%	29%	45%	35%	0%	33%	42%	30%
			After Weight Training	23%	17%	10%	10%	35%	0%	27%	9%	16%
Flexibility	Types of flexibility exercises used.	Static		85%	87%	100%	100%	93%	70%	92%	91%	90%
		Dynamic		54%	61%	81%	90%	30%	86%	96%	100%	75%
		PNF		69%	65%	71%	75%	13%	60%	68%	88%	64%
		Ballistic		31%	17%	19%	25%	n/a	n/a	69%	61%	37%
	When coaches prescribe flexibility exercises.	Before Practice		92%	78%	95%	90%	72%	79%	79%	76%	83%
		After Practice		58%	83%	62%	65%	70%	63%	58%	38%	62%
		Before Workout		69%	52%	67%	65%	72%	72%	31%	42%	59%
		After Workout		54%	70%	71%	65%	69%	58%	40%	33%	58%
		Independently		42%	43%	48%	30%	39%	60%	54%	48%	46%
		During Workout		8%	17%	19%	30%	2%	37%	8%	10%	16%
		During Practice		15%	39%	10%	25%	2%	9%	10%	10%	15%
	Duration (minutes) of flexibility sessions.	0–5 m		4%	13%	5%	0%	10%	7%	33%	30%	13%
		6–10 m		46%	26%	14%	15%	43%	35%	67%	70%	40%
		11–15 m		42%	22%	52%	40%	36%	23%	46%	55%	39%
		16–20 m		4%	17%	24%	25%	7%	16%	25%	27%	18%
		> 20 m		0%	4%	5%	15%	4%	9%	10%	15%	8%
Physical Testing	Types of physical tests used.	Body Composition		77%	87%	100%	95%	50%	93%	87%	97%	86%
		Muscular Strength		50%	100%	33%	75%	97%	81%	81%	82%	75%
		Muscular Power		35%	83%	33%	85%	97%	86%	62%	76%	70%
		Cardiovascular Endurance		42%	78%	24%	60%	52%	81%	92%	97%	66%
		Speed		35%	7%	19%	80%	100%	86%	81%	91%	62%
		Flexibility		31%	70%	33%	75%	86%	63%	48%	52%	57%
		Anaerobic Capacity		35%	83%	43%	50%	91%	72%	31%	36%	55%
		Acceleration		77%	35%	5%	4%	67%	81%	56%	67%	49%
		Agility		35%	30%	33%	70%	71%	33%	40%	61%	47%
		Muscular Endurance		19%	70%	5%	50%	97%	40%	8%	61%	44%
		Anthropometry		19%	35%	14%	60%	38%	n/a	63%	76%	44%
	Stage of season when physical testing is conducted.	Pre-season		42%	70%	81%	75%	75%	95%	58%	33%	66%
		In-season		31%	52%	62%	60%	46%	88%	42%	24%	51%
		Post/Off-Season		23%	30%	33%	70%	32%	53%	4%	27%	34%

n/a: Data was not attainable from the results of the study. PNF: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation