TABLE 4.
Lower-limb performance in experimental and control groups before and after the 10-week intervention.
| Experimental group (n = 17) | Control group (n = 17) | ANOVA group x time interaction | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Pre | Post | %Δ change | Paired t test |
Pre | Post | %Δ change | Paired t test |
p |
Cohen d |
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| p | d (Cohen) | p | d (Cohen) | |||||||||
| Sprint | ||||||||||||
| 5m (s) | 1.28 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 9.8 ± 1.9 | p< 0.001 | 2.50 | 1.28 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.03 | 6.8 ± 4.5 | p< 0.001 | 1.97 | 0.174 | 0.39 |
| 10m (s) | 2.24 ± 0.05 | 2.09 ± 0.05 | 6.9 ± 1 | p< 0.001 | 3.12 | 2.24 ± 0.06 | 2.12 ± 0.04 | 5.2 ± 2.6 | p< 0.001 | 2.45 | 0.200 | 0.37 |
| 20m (s) | 3.76 ± 0.10 | 3.36 ± 0.09 | 10.6 ± 1.1 | p< 0.001 | 4.38 | 3.75 ± 0.05 | 3.53 ± 0.07 | 5.8 ± 2.5 | p< 0.001 | 3.76 | 0.001 | 1.07 |
| 30m (s) | 5.38 ± 0.10 | 4.99 ± 0.08 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | p< 0.001 | 4.48 | 5.54 ± 0.05 | 5.40 ± 0.09 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | p< 0.001 | 2.00 | p< 0.001 | 1.56 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Change of direction | ||||||||||||
| Illinois-MT | 13.14 ± 0.22 | 12.41 ± 0.20 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | p< 0.001 | 3.61 | 13.17 ± 0.37 | 12.73 ± 0.11 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | p< 0.001 | 1.68 | 0.034 | 0.62 |
| Jump | ||||||||||||
| SJ (cm) | 22.4 ± 1.6 | 26.2 ± 1.3 | 17.3 ± 6.1 | p< 0.001 | -2.71 | 22.7 ± 2.4 | 24.4 ± 1.9 | 8 ± 5.8 | p< 0.001 | -0.82 | 0.048 | 0.58 |
| CMJ (cm) | 23.4 ± 1.6 | 27.5 ± 2 | 17.7 ± 2.7 | p< 0.001 | -2.36 | 23.9 ± 2.2 | 25.3 ± 2 | 6.1 ± 6.2 | 0.002 | -0.69 | 0.017 | 0.71 |
| CMJA (cm) | 24.7 ± 1.6 | 28.7 ± 1.8 | 16.3 ± 2.7 | p< 0.001 | -2.44 | 25.2 ± 2.3 | 26.6 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 8.1 | 0.011 | -0.71 | 0.019 | 0.69 |
| 5JT (m) | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 0.9 (8.30) a | 7.5 ± 4.6 | p< 0.001 | -0.58 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 1.5 (8.50) a | 4.5 ± 3.2 | p< 0.001 | -0.20 | 0.300 | 0.30 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| RSTT | ||||||||||||
| RSTT-BT (s) | 12.60 ± 0.19 | 12.10 ± 0.22 | 4 ± 0.8 | p< 0.001 | 2.53 | 12.63 ± 0.18 | 12.37 ± 0.13 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | p< 0.001 | 1.72 | 0.025 | 0.66 |
| RSTT-MT (s) | 12.92 ± 0.18 | 12.36 ± 0.24 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | p< 0.001 | 2.75 | 12.92 ± 0.18 | 12.66 ± 0.13 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | p< 0.001 | 1.72 | 0.019 | 0.69 |
| RSTT-TT (s) | 90.42 ± 1.27 | 86.51 ± 1.65 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | p< 0.001 | 2.76 | 90.5 ± 1.25 | 88.6 ± 0.88 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | p< 0.001 | 1.83 | 0.019 | 0.69 |
| RSTT-FI (%) | 2.49 ± 0.42 (2.46) a | 2.13 ± 0.81 | 14.3 ± 29.9 | 0.107 | 0.58 | 2.30 ± 0.03 | 2.35 ± 0.02 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | p< 0.001 | -2.04 | 0.107 | 0.47 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Y Balance test Right support leg | ||||||||||||
| RL/L (cm) | 74 ± 7 | 80 ± 5 | 8 ± 7.7 | 0.001 | -1.03 | 75 ± 8 | 82 ± 8 | 9.1 ± 7.6 | p< 0.001 | -0.91 | 0.794 | 0.06 |
| RL/B (cm) | 85 ± 8 | 94 ± 8 | 10.7 ± 4.8 | p< 0.001 | -1.17 | 89 ± 8 | 94 ± 8 | 5 ± 2.5 | p< 0.001 | -0.65 | 0.314 | 0.29 |
| RL/R (cm) | 46 ± 10 | 51 ± 9 | 13.2 ± 10.8 | p< 0.001 | -0.55 | 50 ± 8 | 56 ± 6 | 14.3 ± 20.9 | 0.007 | -0.88 | 0.895 | 0.06 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Left support leg | ||||||||||||
| LL/R (cm) | 78 ± 10 | 84 ± 9 | 8.3 ± 4.8 | p< 0.001 | -0.66 | 80 ± 8 | 86 ± 6 | 8.2 ± 10.8 | 0.007 | -0.88 | 0.961 | 0.06 |
| LL/B (cm) | 96 ± 9 | 101 ± 9 | 5.3 ± 4 | p< 0.001 | -0.58 | 95 ± 8 | 99 ± 7 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | p< 0.001 | -0.55 | 0.761 | 0.08 |
| LL/L (cm) | 46 ± 9 | 52 ± 8 | 15.7 ± 13.3 | p< 0.001 | -0.73 | 45 ± 8 | 49 ± 8 | 10.1 ± 8 | p< 0.001 | -0.52 | 0.612 | 0.14 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Stork balance test | ||||||||||||
| RL (s) | 2.67 ± 1.20 (2.48) a | 3.92 ± 1.40 | 56.6 ± 40.1 | p< 0.001 | -1.00 | 2.72 ± 1.30 (1.98) a | 3.95 ± 2.04 | 53 ± 51.4 | 0.015 | -0.75 | 0.987 | 0.000 |
| LL (s) | 2.71 ± 1.47 | 3.36 ± 1.71 | 42.7 ± 66.2 | 0.111 | -0.42 | 2.46 ± 1.37 | 3.29 ± 1.48 | 48.2 ± 59.3 | 0.090 | -0.61 | 0.823 | 0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD. Abbreviations: a Median reported for rightward skewing data; Illinois-MT = Illinois modified test; SJ = squat jump; CMJ = countermovement jump; CMJA = countermovement jump with arms; 5JT = 5 jump test; RSTT = repeated sprint T-test; BT = best time; MT = mean time; TT = total time; FI = fatigue index; RL = right leg; L = left; R = right; B = background; LL = left leg.