TABLE 4.

Changes to sleep for elite female athletes under varied training conditions

Study	Female athlete n	Training, nights	Sleep quality	SOL	SE	TST	WASO
Training vs rest days
Costa et al. [54]	17	Evening training, 18	NA	↑ **	⟷	↓ **	↑
Costa et al. [55]	18	Evening training, 8	NA	↑ *	⟷	↓*	⟷
Juliff et al. [46]	157	NA	NR	NA	NA	NA	NA
Obmiński, Mroczko [53]	5	Training days, 15	↓*	NA	NA	NA	NA
O’Donnell et al. [51]	10	Comparable to a netball match, 1	NA	↑	↓	↓	NA
O’Donnell et al. [56]	10	Evening training, 1	NA	↑	↑	↓ **	NA
Varied training load
Juliff et al. [46]	157	NA	NR	NA	NA	NA	NA
Schaal et al. [37]	10	IT, 14	⟷	↑	↓ *	↓ *	↑ *
Taylor et al. [57]	7	Onset, 1; Peak, 1; and Taper, 1	NA	⟷	NA	⟷	↑ *, **

IT Intensified training, NR not reported, SD standard deviation, SE sleep efficiency, SOL sleep onset latency, WASO wake after sleep onset, TST total sleep time, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ⟷ no change

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01