Biological factors |
Sex |
Inconclusive |
Nationality |
Ethnic minorities[18], international student[14,19] |
Family |
Low family socioeconomic status[14,18,26,27] |
Non-only child[19], too many siblings[6] |
Parents divorced or having mental problems[29,30], family dysfunction[11] |
Adverse childhood experiences such as injury, physical violence, psychological abuse and lack of family care[30,31] |
Insufficient social support especially family support[11,14,36,39] |
Personality and psychological state |
Neuroticism[20] |
Presence of psychological illness[21,22] |
High level of psychological stress (including value, aspiration, deprivation, or coping)[23] |
Low self-efficacy[14,24] |
Solitude[25] |
College experience |
Year of study |
Inconclusive |
Academic performance |
Poor academic performance[21,30] |
Financial support |
Lack of financial resources and support[21] |
Living arrangement |
Do not have own room[6,26] |
College satisfaction |
Low satisfaction with teachers and low satisfaction with college major[26], low satisfaction with university facilities[22] |
Lifestyle |
Physical exercise |
Lack of physical exercise[11,14,20] |
Substance abuse |
Smoking and drinking[6,12,21] (especially alcohol intake[32,33]) |
Sleep |
Daytime drowsiness[20,34], poor sleep quality[21], sleep too short[35] or too long[10] |
Diet |
Unhealthy food intake[30], gluttony[14], skipping breakfast[10], malnutrition[36] |
Network usage |
Social networking sites, online game addiction[37,38] |