FIGURE 3.

Response behavior of neurons from the crow nidopallium caudolaterale to visual stimuli in a stimulus detection task. (A) Cumulative spike rate of an example neuron responding only to a highly visible, supra-threshold stimulus with a response peak about 225 ms after stimulus onset (stimulus duration is shown by the gray area). The neurons of this response type signaled the intensity of the correct stimulus and, thus, the ability to become aware of it. (B) Cumulative spike rate of an example neuron responding in the preparation of a response to a perceived (supra-threshold or near-threshold) or allegedly perceived (false alarm) stimulus. The response was trained to be given after a 2800 ms delay from stimulus onset (dashed vertical line in A and B). Response rates in a latency window of about 380–1000 ms after stimulus onset (see arrow at 700 ms) were significantly higher when the animal responded compared to the cases when it did not respond (correct rejection or miss). The neurons of this type signaled the conscious response preparation. [Modified from Nieder et al. (2020); their Figure 2C (here Figure 3A) and Figure 2E (here Figure 3B)].