Table 3.

Circulating interleukin levels in patients enrolled in the study and included in groups treated with the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors or other glucose lowering drugs before (T0) and after 1 wk of treatment (T1)

Variable	SGLT2-I (n = 26)		OTHER (n = 26)		Fisher’s test (1, 100)
	T0	T1	T0	T1	Time	Treatment	Interaction
IL-1α (pg/mL)	1.35 ± 1.64	1.58 ± 1.30	1.44 ± 1.88	1.59 ± 1.56	0.373	0.026	0.016
IL-1β (pg/mL)	9.90 ± 2.39	7.31 ± 3.51e	8.84 ± 2.54	9.15 ± 2.42	4.455a	0.521	7.207b
IL-2 (U/mL)	≤ 0.5	≤ 0.5	≤ 0.5	≤ 0.5	-	-	-
IL-4 (pg/mL)	5.39 ± 4.20	8.54 ± 3.51d	4.89 ± 3.54	5.94 ± 3.66	8.207b	4.471a	2.052
IL-6 (pg/mL)	9.41 ± 4.21	6.92 ± 1.98	11.4 ± 5.41	13.7 ± 9.01h	0.007	15.4c	4.516a
IL-8 (pg/mL)	428 ± 216	409 ± 271	412 ± 296	449 ± 204	0.338	0.060	0.327
IL-10 (pg/mL)	1.33 ± 1.02	2.31 ± 1.12e	1.29 ± 1.06	1.32 ± 1.04g	5.894a	6.130a	5.214a
TNF (pg/mL)	6.82 ± 3.02	4.61 ± 2.01d	7.94 ± 3.14	7.81 ± 3.56g	3.989a	13.59c	3.151
VEGF (pg/mL)	262 ± 162	142 ± 109d	244 ± 201	268 ± 147f	2.393	3.029	5.384a
IFN-γ (pg/mL)	0.53 ± 0.23	0.57 ± 0.57	0.50 ± 0.39	0.61 ± 0.44	0.809	0.004	0.176
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	411 ± 168	291 ± 156	389 ± 154	414 ± 184f	2.131	2.408	4.964a
EGF (pg/mL)	25.7 ± 13.7	22.2 ± 12.1	24.9 ± 20.1	23.6 ± 18.6	0.553	0.009	0.116

^a P < 0.05.

^b P < 0.01.

^c P < 0.001.

^d P < 0.05 vs sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor T0.

^e P < 0.01 vs sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor T0.

^f P < 0.05 vs sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor T1.

^g P < 0.01 vs sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor T1.

^h P < 0.001 vs sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor T1.

Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical differences were assessed by two-way analysis of variance. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; SGLT2-I: Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; OTHER: Other glucose lowering drug; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon.