TABLE 1.
Baseline Demographics Overall and by Digital DPP Enrollment Status
| Total (N = 3,904) |
Not Enrolled (n = 3,432) |
Enrolled (n = 472) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 69.2 ± 2.9 | 69.3 ± 2.9 | 68.7 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 2,155 (55.2) | 1,865 (54.3) | 290 (61.4) | 0.004 |
| Race/ethnicity Black/African American Hispanic Other* Non-Hispanic White |
41 (1.1) 58 (1.5) 123 (3.2) 3,682 (94.3) |
32 (0.9) 53 (1.5) 114 (3.3) 3,233 (94.2) |
9 (1.9) 5 (1.1) 9 (1.9) 449 (95.1) |
0.07 |
| A1C, % | 5.94 ± 0.18 | 5.94 ± 0.18 | 5.93 ± 0.18 | 0.31 |
| Height, inches | 66.3 ± 3.9 | 66.3 ± 3.9 | 65.9 ± 3.9 | 0.02 |
| Weight, lb | 221.5 ± 37.5 | 221.8 ± 37.4 | 219.5 ± 38.3 | 0.22 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 35.4 ± 5.1 | 35.4 ± 5.0 | 35.5 ± 5.2 | 0.58 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index 0 1 2 3+ |
2,328 (59.6) 858 (22.0) 446 (11.4) 272 (7.0) |
2,030 (59.1) 756 (22.0) 401 (11.7) 245 (7.1) |
298 (63.1) 102 (21.6) 45 (9.5) 27 (5.7) |
0.26 |
| Tobacco use Never Former Current |
2,131 (54.6) 1,605 (41.1) 168 (4.3) |
1,840 (53.6) 1,431 (41.7) 161 (4.7) |
291 (61.7) 174 (36.9) 7 (1.5) |
<0.001 |
| Percentage of neighborhood with high school degree or less | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.31 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Median neighborhood household income, $1,000s | 63.3 ± 21.5 | 62.9 ± 21.3 | 66.9 ± 22.4 | <0.001 |
| Exercise per week (self-report at visits), minutes 0 10–140 ≥150 Missing |
1,895 (48.5) 825 (21.1) 881 (22.6) 303 (7.8) |
1,693 (49.3) 717 (20.9) 758 (22.1) 264 (7.7) |
202 (42.8) 108 (22.9) 123 (26.1) 39 (8.3) |
0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 438 (11.2) | 389 (11.3) | 49 (10.4) | 0.54 |
| Hypertension | 2,115 (54.2) | 1,867 (54.4) | 248 (52.2) | 0.45 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,219 (31.2) | 1,075 (31.3) | 144 (30.5) | 0.72 |
| Cardiovascular disease† | 50 (1.3) | 47 (1.4) | 3 (0.6) | 0.18 |
| Mental health diagnosis‡ | 899 (23.0) | 782 (22.8) | 117 (24.8) | 0.33 |
| Primary care visits | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.26 |
| Specialty care visits 0 1 2+ |
709 (18.2) 847 (21.7) 2,348 (60.1) |
655 (19.1) 736 (21.4) 2,041 (59.5) |
54 (11.4) 111 (23.5) 307 (65.0) |
<0.001 |
| Emergency department visits 0 1+ |
3,308 (84.7) 596 (15.3) |
2,899 (84.5) 533 (15.5) |
409 (93.2) 63 (13.3) |
0.22 |
| Inpatient visits 0 1+ |
3,633 (93.1) 271 (6.9) |
3,193 (93.0) 239 (7.0) |
440 (93.2) 32 (6.8) |
0.88 |
| Prescribed metformin No Yes |
3,817 (97.8) 87 (2.2) |
3,355 (97.8) 77 (2.2) |
462 (97.9) 10 (2.1) |
0.86 |
| Propensity score | 0.11 (0.08–0.15) | 0.11 (0.08–0.15) | 0.14 (0.10–0.18) | <0.001 |
Data are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
*
Includes Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Asian, and patients who endorsed “other.”
†
Includes coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and/or stroke.
‡
Includes depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder.