BGM dysbiosisdysbiosis with Abx treatment slows the accumulation of total Aβ (BAM-10) in the hippocampus at the early symptomatic stage of AD. Immunohistochemistry analysis for total Aβ. (a) Representative images show BAM-10 (green) and DAPI nuclei detection (blue) acquired from the hippocampus with a 40× objective. Mean BAM-10 area ratio (±SEM) in the (b) subiculum, (c) CA1, and (d) CA3 of F1 male non-transgenic (NoTg) or Alzheimer’s disease triple-transgenic (3xTg) mice that received water (Ctrl) or antibiotics (Abx), from gestation to PD150. The results were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0001 vs. NoTg group; # p < 0.05 to <0.0001 between groups; n = 4–5 mice per group. Scale bar = 20 µm.