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. 2022 Jul 24;12(8):972. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12080972

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cytokines, chemokines, and VEGF were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of female and male rats that were exposed to saline or LPS challenges. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indicated in panels (a–d). Anti-inflammatory cytokines are indicated in panels (e–h). Chemokine is indicated in panel (i) and angiogenesis marker is indicated in panel (j). Data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n = 4 control female, n = 5 LPS female, n = 2 control male, n = 4 LPS male. Main effect of LPS (p < 0.05) is indicated by solid line with flat arrowheads, and main effect of sex (p < 0.05) is indicated by dashed line with flat arrowhead. Differences between saline and LPS within each sex and between sexes (p < 0.05) are indicated by separate solid lines.