Figure 6.

Cytokines, chemokines, and VEGF were measured in the hippocampus (Hipp) of female and male rats that were exposed to saline or LPS challenges. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indicated in panels (a–d). Anti-inflammatory cytokines are indicated in panels (e–h). Chemokine is indicated in panel (i) and angiogenesis marker is indicated in panel (j). Data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n = 4 control female, n = 5 LPS female, n = 2 control male, n = 4 LPS male. Interaction (p < 0.05) is indicated by a solid straight line with arrowheads, main effect of LPS (p < 0.05) is indicated by solid line with flat arrowheads, and main effect of sex (p < 0.05) is indicated by dashed line with flat arrowhead. Differences between saline and LPS within each sex and between sexes (p < 0.05) are indicated by separate solid lines.