Table 1.
The main metabolic characteristics in M1 and M2 macrophages.
| Metabolic pathways | M1 macrophages | M2 macrophages |
|---|---|---|
| Glycolysis | Elevated glycolysis (41–43) | 1) HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis (44) 2) Inhibited glycolysis (45) |
| PPP | 1) Increased PPP (46) 2) Increased expression of NADPH-dependent ROS (47) |
Restricted PPP (48) |
| TCA cycle | 1) Two broken points (49, 50) 2) Accumulation of citrate and succinate (4, 51) 3) Production of itaconate (52, 53) 4) Generation of ROS (54, 55) |
Entire TCA cycle provides ATP (56) |
| Lipid Metabolism | Increased FAS (57, 58) | FAO is essential (59) |
| Amino Acid Metabolism | 1) Upregulated iNOS (60) 2) Reduced α-KG/succinate (61) |
1) Upregulated arginase expression (60) 2) Rised α-KG/succinate (61) |
HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NADPH, reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate; FAS, fatty acid synthesis; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; ATP, adenosine-triphosphate; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate.