Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by depressive symptoms under NHANES 2007–2014 (n = 20,004).
| Non-Depressive Symptoms (PHQ < 10) | Depressive Symptoms (PHQ ≥ 10) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants (%) a | 18,100 (90.48) | 1904 (9.52) | |
| Age | 50 (35, 64) | 50 (37, 62) | 0.001 |
| Age (year) a | <0.001 | ||
| 18–39 | 6124 (36.07) | 590 (34.15) | |
| 40–59 | 5818 (37.76) | 772 (45.10) | |
| ≥60 | 6158 (21.17) | 542 (20.75) | |
| Gender (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 9334 (50.91) | 673 (34.85) | |
| Female | 8766 (49.09) | 1231 (65.15) | |
| Race or ethnicity (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 2677 (8.28) | 290 (8.82) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1761 (5.13) | 266 (8.12) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 8125 (69.22) | 824 (63.70) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3798 (10.77) | 408 (13.98) | |
| Other races | 1739 (6.61) | 116 (5.97) | |
| Educational level (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| <High school | 1704 (4.89) | 286 (9.10) | |
| High school | 6638 (33.18) | 884 (46.14) | |
| >High school | 9446 (61.93) | 713 (44.76) | |
| Household income (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| Under USD 20,000 | 3509 (13.35) | 721 (30.28) | |
| USD 20,000 and over | 13,854 (86.65) | 1090 (69.72) | |
| Body mass index b | 27.80(24.20, 32.20) | 29.77(25.09, 34.98) | |
| Body mass index (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 275 (1.42) | 38 (1.92) | |
| 18.5–25 kg/m2 | 5107 (29.16) | 425 (23.50) | |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 6057 (33.82) | 497 (27.11) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 6661 (35.59) | 944 (47.48) | |
| Work activity (%) a | 0.0012 | ||
| Vigorous | 3372 (20.49) | 327 (18.54) | |
| Moderate | 3880 (23.35) | 343 (19.05) | |
| Other | 10,846 (56.17) | 1232 (62.41) | |
| Recreational activity (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| Vigorous | 4047 (26.28) | 180 (9.18) | |
| Moderate | 4942 (29.32) | 359 (21.87) | |
| Other | 9110 (44.39) | 1365 (68.95) | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) a | 13,054 (77.71) | 1361 (75.73) | 0.1039 |
| Smoke status (%) a | <0.001 | ||
| Never smoker | 10,181 (56.46) | 791 (39.51) | |
| Former smoker | 4378 (24.55) | 408 (21.01) | |
| Current smoker | 3540 (19.00) | 715 (39.48) | |
| Healthy Eating Index b | 55.52 (44.37, 63.20) | 49.56 (41.18, 58.88) | |
| Healthy Eating Index (%) a | |||
| <50 | 7031 (40.72) | 940 (53.62) | |
| 50–70 | 8245 (46.39) | 755 (40.08) | |
| ≥70 | 2241 (12.88) | 131 (6.30) | |
| Diabetes (%) a | 3214 (13.54) | 511 (21.45) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) a | 9766 (49.83) | 1162 (56.94) | <0.001 |
| Total energy (kcal/day) b | 1907.5 (1466, 2462) | 1799.5 (1360.5, 2354) | <0.001 |
| Caffeine intake (mg/day) b | 96.5 (28.5, 200) | 101 (32.221) | 0.0051 |
Data are number of participants (weighted percentage) or medians (interquartile ranges). PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire. a Chi-square test was used to compare the percentage between participants with and without depression symptoms. b Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the difference between participants with and without depression symptoms. USD: U.S. dollar.