Table 2.
Association between smoking cessation and depressive symptoms, adjusting for several confounders, NHANES 2007–2014 (n = 20,004).
| Variable | Crude Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Time since quitting (years) | 0.983 | 0.973–0.995 | 0.977 | 0.954–0.990 | 0.985 | 0.971–0.999 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current smokers | 1 | (ref) | 1 | (ref) | 1 | (ref) |
| Time since quitting (years) | ||||||
| <10 years | 0.524 | 0.409–0.671 | 0.524 | 0.411–0.668 | 0.636 | 0.485–0.833 |
| 10–20 years | 0.360 | 0.274–0.474 | 0.349 | 0.263–0.464 | 0.364 | 0.264–0.503 |
| 20–30 years | 0.389 | 0.258–0.586 | 0.385 | 0.251–0.591 | 0.563 | 0.357–0.889 |
| ≥30 years | 0.308 | 0.217–0.438 | 0.305 | 0.202–0.459 | 0.449 | 0.290–0.695 |
| Never smoked | 0.337 | 0.295–0.384 | 0.306 | 0.265–0.354 | 0.433 | 0.363–0.518 |
| Age (years) | 1.00 | 0.996–1.006 | 0.987 | 0.981–0.994 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | (ref) | 1 | (ref) | ||
| Female | 2.127 | 1.855–2.439 | 1.876 | 1.542 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Mexican American | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Other Hispanic | 1.630 | 1.219–2.107 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.100 | 0.913–1.327 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.133 | 0.915–1.405 | ||||
| Other Race | 1.443 | 1.086–1.919 | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| Below high school | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| High school level | 0.834 | 0.686–1.017 | ||||
| Above high school | 0.678 | 0.540–0.853 | ||||
| Annual household income | ||||||
| Less than USD 20,000 | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Over USD 20,000 | 0.489 | 0.424–0.565 | ||||
| Caffeine intake (mg) | 1.000 | 1.000–1.000 | ||||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 0.999 | 0.999–1.000 | ||||
| Drinking status | ||||||
| Drinkers | 1.195 | 1.009–1.415 | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Hypertension status | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.277 | 1.050–1.554 | ||||
| No hypertension | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Diabetes status | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1.477 | 1.202–1.813 | ||||
| No diabetes | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Intensity of work activities | ||||||
| Vigorous | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Moderate | 1.739 | 1.328–2.278 | ||||
| Mile | 2.681 | 2.121–3.412 | ||||
| Intensity of recreational activities | ||||||
| Vigorous | 1 | (ref) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.861 | 0.679–1.092 | ||||
| Mild | 1.149 | 0.938–1.406 | ||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 1.022 | 1.013–1.032 | ||||
| Healthy Eating Index | 0.987 | 0.982–0.993 | ||||
Calculated using binary logistic regression.