Table 1.

Summary of microbiome research in bladder cancer.

Material	Author	Cohorts and Diversity	Abundance and Other Findings
Urine	Popovic et al. [29]	-Cancer vs. healthy -No significant difference between groups	-No significant difference between cancer and healthy group
	Wu et al. [30]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Increased alpha diversities in cancer group	-More abundant Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides in cancer group -More abundant Proteus, Laceyella, Serratia in healthy group
	Bi et al. [31]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Increased alpha diversities in cancer group	-More abundant Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Veillonella in healthy group -More abundant Actinomyces europaeus in cancer group
	Chipollini et al. [33]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Decreased alpha diversities in cancer group	-No significant difference between cancer and healthy group
	Zeng et al. [38]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Recurrent vs. nonrecurrent cancer -Increased alpha diversities in cancer group compared to healthy group -Increased alpha diversities in recurrent group compared to nonrecurrent group	-No significant difference between cancer and healthy group -More abundant Lactobacillus in nonrecurrent group compared to recurrent group
	Hussein et al. [39]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Different beta diversities between cancer and healthy group	-More abundant Lactobacillus in healthy cohort
	Ma et al. [41]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Nonsmoker vs. smoker -Decreased alpha diversities in smokers with cancer compared to nonsmokers with cancer	-More abundant Lactobacillus in nonsmoking patients
	Hourigan et al. [34]	-Midstream urine vs. cystoscopy -Male vs. female -No significant difference according to urine collection methods and gender	-Stenotrophomonas increased in cystocopy -Tepidomonas increased in males -Prevotella and Veillonella increased in females
	Oresta et al. [42]	-Cancer vs. healthy -Midstream urine vs. catheterized urine -Catheterized urine vs. washout urine -Increased alpha diversities in cancer patients	-Veillonella, Corynebacterium increased in cancer patients -Ruminococcus, Enterobacteriaceae increased in healthy controls -Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium increased in midstream urine -Ruminococcaceae decreased in midstream urine -Buckholderiaceae, Faeclibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Veillonella, Streptococcus differ between catheterized and washout urines
Tissue	Li et al. [32]	-Carcinoma vs. adjacent normal tissue -Lower alpha diversities in cancerous tissues	-More abundant Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Ruminococcaceae in normal tissue -More abundant Cupriavidus, Acinetobacter, Anoxybacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Geobacillus, Pelomonas, Ralstonia, Sphingomonas in cancerous tissue
	Rodriguez et al. [37]	-Carcinoma vs. adjacent normal tissue (TCGA, WES)	-More abundant Cutibacterium acnes, Mathylobacterium radiotolerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida in bladder cancer tissues
	Li et al. [40]	-MIBC tissue only (TCGA, WTS)	-Relevance between microbial abundances, EMT/fibrosis/ECM-related genes, and clinical variables
	Chen et al. [43]	-NMIBC tissue with PD-L1 (+) vs. PD-L1(-) -Increased alpha diversities in PD-L1 (+) tissues	-More abundant Leptotrichia and less abundant Prevotella in PD-L1 (+) tissues
Urine and Tissue	Mansour et al. [35]	-10 urines matched with 14 tissues from cancer patients -Catheterized urine vs. cancer tissue -Comparisons between age groups and genders -Increased alpha diversities in male tissues	-Different age group, gender, sample type showed different microbial abundances -Different tissues from same patient showed almost same microbial compositions -Microbiome between urine and tissue are shared
	Pederzoli et al. [36]	-Matched midstream urines, tumorous tissues, and non-tumorous tissues from 21 men and 8 men -Midstream urines from 20 patients and 59 healthy controls	-Significant differences in microbial abundances between patients’ urines and healthy controls’ urines -Tumorous tissues showed more Burkholderia -More than 80% of the bacterial families were shared between urine and tissue microbiome