Table 1.
Effects of in vivo carbamates exposure on male reproductive function.
| Reference | Formulation | Dose | Duration of Treatment | Administration | Animal Model | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al. [7] | Carbendazim | 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg | 5 weeks | Oral gavage | ICR mice (n = 30 per group) |
Decreased sperm concentration and motility Impaired spermatogenesis Decreased estrogen signaling Alterations in histone and DNA methylation |
| Salem et al. [43] | Carbendazim | 100 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Oral gavage | Swiss albino rats (n = 10 per group) |
Decreased sperm concentration, motility, and viability Increased percentage of morphological abnormal sperm Decreased concentrations of serum testosterone, gonadotropins, and inhibin B Increased oxidative stress Alterations on the seminiferous tubules structure |
| Elsharkawy et al. [44] | Mancozeb | 100 mg/kg | 12 weeks | Oral gavage (twice per week) |
White New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (n = 9 per group) |
Decreased concentrations of serum testosterone and gonadotropins Decreased sperm viability Increased percentage of morphological abnormal sperm Disruption of the germinal epithelium Vacuolization of Leydig cells |
| Mohanty et al. [45] | Mancozeb | 0.14 and 0.28 mg/day | 30 days | Oral (mixed with food) | Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava) (n = 9 per group) |
Decreased concentrations of serum testosterone and gonadotropins Impaired gonadal development Altered hypothalamic expression of GnRH Disruption of the HPT axis |
| Meng et al. [46] | Methomyl | 0.2, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L | 30 days | Dissolved in water | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (n = 30 per tank, n = 3 per condition) |
Altered expression of HPT-related genes in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis at 20 and 200 μg/L The effects of 200 μg/L were considered irreversible |
| Yue et al. [59] | Semicarbazide | 1, 10, and 100 μg/L | 130 days | Dissolved in water | Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (n = 6 per group) |
Decreased expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis Decreased concentration of serum testosterone and estradiol Disruption of the HPT axis Alterations in the kiss/gpr54 system and GABA synthesis |
| Guo et al. [47] | Ziram | 2 and 4 mg/kg/day | 4 weeks | Oral gavage | Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) |
Decreased concentrations of serum testosterone and FSH Decreased Leydig cell number |