. 2022 Jul 25;9(8):235. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9080235

Table 3.

Echocardiographic Measurements in elite winter sport athletes, adapted from Zimmermann et al., 2021 [12].

	Ski-Mo (I) n = 10		NCC (II) n = 10		Biathletes (III) n = 12		p-Value
	Male Female		Male Female		Male Female
	n = 6	n = 4	n = 6	n = 4	n = 6	n = 6
LV edd (mm)	50.83 ± 4.22	45.25 ± 5.96	55.50 ± 3.83	50.75 ± 3.50	55.50 ± 5.24	49.50 ± 1.52	ns
LV edd (mm)	48.6 ± 5.48		53.6 ± 4.27		52.5 ± 4.83		ns
LV Mass Index (g/m)	97.2 ± 25.2	76.3 ± 26.7	130.7 ± 16.5	106 ± 16.4	133.5 ± 20.6	102.3 ± 14.8	0.0078 *
LV Mass Index (g/m)	−88.8 ± 26.6 *		120.8 ± 20.1 *		117.9 ± 23.6 *
Relative wall Thickness RWT	0.38 ± 0.03	0.34 ± 0.06	0.40 ± 0.04	0.41 ± 0.04	0.40 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.04	Ski-Mo vs. NCC 0.0230 * Ski-Mo vs. Bia 0.0230 *
Relative wall Thickness RWT	0.37 ± 0.05		0.41 ± 0.03		0.41 ± 0.04		Ski-Mo vs. NCC 0.0230 * Ski-Mo vs. Bia 0.0230 *
IVSd (mm)	8.67 ± 1.97	8.25 ± 2.50	11.00 ± 0.63	10.50 ± 0.58	10.83 ± 0.98	9.67 ± 1.37	Ski-Mo vs. NC C 0.0266 * Ski-Mo vs. Bia 0.0337 *
IVSd (mm)	8.5 ± 2.07		10.4 ± 1.17		10.3 ± 1.29		Ski-Mo vs. NC C 0.0266 * Ski-Mo vs. Bia 0.0337 *
LVPWs (mm)	3.97 ± 11.03	7.75 ± 1.50	11.17 ± 0.41	10.50 ± 0.58	12.33 ± 2.07	10.17 ± 1.17	Ski-Mo vs. NC C 0.0161 * Ski-Mo vs. Bia 0.0030 *
LVPWs (mm)	8.9 ± 1.52		10.9 ± 0.57		11.3 ± 1.96		Ski-Mo vs. NC C 0.0161 * Ski-Mo vs. Bia 0.0030 *
E/A	2.18 ± 0.58	1.98 ± 0.17	2.48 ± 0.26	2.40 ± 0.77	1.97 ± 0.52	1.75 ± 0.40	NCC vs. Bia 0.0166 *
E/A	2.1 ± 0.45		2.5 ± 0.49		19 ± 0.46		NCC vs. Bia 0.0166 *
E/E’	6.75 ± 1.71	7 ± 1.79	6.80 ± 0.86	6.13 ± 1.22	7 ± 0.86	6.37 ± 1.04	ns
E/E’	6.9 ± 1.66		6.4 ± 1.09		6.7 ± 0.97		ns
LAVI (mL/m²)	51.83 ± 12.1	46.25 ± 11.1	150 ± 84.58	89.3 ± 45.7	117.5 ± 37.7	72.8 ± 19.6	0.0052 *
LAVI (mL/m²)	49.6 ± 11.4		125.7 ± 75.2		95.2 ± 36.9		0.0052 *
RA (cm²)	19.17 ± 3.87	16.75 ± 2.87	24.83 ± 3.73	18.28 ± 4.72	20.78 ± 3.64	15.50 ± 2.40	ns
RA (cm²)	18.2 ± 3.55		22.2 ± 5.16		18.1 ± 4.03		ns
GLS	−18.26 ± 2.21	−18.83 ± 2.93	21.21 ± 1.99	−23.25 ± 3.23	22.62 ± 1.26	22.34 ± 1.42	0.0003 *
GLS	−18.5 ± 2.38		−22.0 ± 2.61		−22.5 ± 1.29		0.0003 *

Data are presented as mean with standard deviation. p value *, statisticallly significant (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: LV edd, left ventricle enddiastolic size; LV, left ventricular; IVSd, interventricular septal wall thickness at diastole; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastole; E/A and E/E, parameters for diastolic function of the left ventrile; LAVI, left atrial volume index; RA, right atrum; GLS, global longitudinal strain; ns, non-significant.