Table 1.
Alkaloids and related compounds produced by mushrooms discovered in the period covered by the review (2002–2022).
| Alkaloid | Mushroom Source | Biological Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup: β-Carboline alkaloids (Figure 2) | |||
| 4-(Methylthio)canthin-6-one (5); 5-(methylthio)canthin-6-one (6); 9-(methylthio)canthin-6-one (7); 11-(methylthio)canthin-6-one (8); 2-methyl-β-carbolinium-1-propanoate (11) |
Boletus curtisii | - | [25] |
| Brunnein A (12) |
Cortinarius brunneus Different Hygrophorus spp. |
- | [26,27] |
| Brunnein B (13); brunnein C (14) | C. brunneus | - | [26] |
| C-1 diastereomer of brunnein B (15) | Cyclocybe cylindracea | Antioxidant | [28] |
| 10-Hydroxy-infractopicrin (17) | Cortinarius infractus | Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase | [29] |
| Metatacarboline family (19–25) | Mycena metata | Anticancer, for metatacarbolines D (23) and F (25) | [30,31] |
| 1-Acetyl-7-hydroxy-9H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid (27) | Sarcomyxa edulis | Anti-inflammatory | [32] |
| Subgroup: Pyrroloquinoline alkaloids (Figure 3) | |||
| Mycenarubin A (29) | Mycena haematopus, Mycena pelianthina and Mycena rosea | - | [33,34,35] |
| Mycenarubin B (30) | M. rosea | - | [33] |
| Mycenarubin D (31) | M. haematopus | Antibacterial | [36] |
| Mycenarubin E (32); mycenarubin F (33) | M. haematopus | - | [36] |
| Mycenarubin C (34) | M. rosea | - | [37] |
| Sanguinone A (35); sanguinone B (36); sanguinolentaquinone (37); decarboxydehydrosanguinone A (38) |
Mycena sanguinolenta | - | [38] |
| Haematopodin B (39) | M. haematopus | Antibacterial | [34,36] |
| Pelianthinarubin A (41); pelianthinarubin B (42) | M. pelianthina | - | [35] |
| Mycenaflavin A (43) | M. haematopus | Moderate antibacterial | [34] |
| Mycenaflavin B (44) | M. haematopus | Moderate antibacterial and cytotoxic | [34,39] |
| Mycenaflavin C (45); mycenaflavin D (46) | M. haematopus | - | [34] |
| Subgroup: Pyrrole alkaloids (Figure 4) | |||
| Inotopyrrole B (50) | Inonotus obliquus and Phlebopus portentosus | Neuroprotective against H2O2 damage | [40,41] |
| 2-[2-Formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]acetic acid (51) | Leccinum extremiorientale | Low cytotoxic | [42] |
| 4-[2-Formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoic acid (53) | Basidiomycetes-X, Grifola frondosa and L. extremiorientale | Hepatoprotective, low inhibition of α-glucosidase and low cytotoxic | [42,43,44,45] |
| Phlebopine A, also pyrrolefronine (54) | G. frondosa and P. portentosus | Inhibition of α-glucosidase, and mild neuroprotective against H2O2 damage | [41,45] |
| Phlebopine B (55); phlebopine C (56); 1-isopentyl-2-formyl-5-hydroxy-methylpyrrole (57) | P. portentosus | Moderate or mild neuroprotective against H2O2 damage | [41] |
| 2-[2-Formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-yl]propanoate (58) | P. portentosus | Inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity, and mild neuroprotective against H2O2 damage | [41,46] |
| 5-Hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (59); 5-hydroxymethyl-1-ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (60); 5-hydroxymethyl-1-acetic acid-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (62) |
G. frondosa | Inhibition of α-glucosidase | [45] |
| Pyrrolezanthine (61) | G. frondosa | Anti-inflammatory and strong inhibition of α-glucosidase | [45,47] |
| 4-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanamide (63) | Basidiomycetes-X | Weak antioxidant | [43] |
| Subgroup: Indole alkaloids (Figure 6) | |||
| 5-Methoxy-4-methoxymethyl-2-methyl-1H-indole (75) | Tricholoma caligatum | - | [48] |
| 1-(1-β-Glucopyranosyl)-3-(methoxymethyl)-1H-indole (76); 1-(1-β-glucopyranosyl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (77) |
C. brunneus | - | [49] |
| Macrolepiotin (79) | Macrolepiota neomastoidea | - | [50] |
| 7-Methoxyindole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (80); 1-methylindole-3-carboxaldehyde (81) |
Phellinus linteus | - | [51] |
| 5-Hydroxyhypaphorine (82) | Astraeus odoratus | - | [52] |
| 4-(Ethoxymethyl)-1H-indole (85) | Tricholoma flavovirens | Plant growth | [53] |
| Corallocin C (87) | Hericium coralloides | Stimulation of neurite outgrowth | [54] |
| Terpendole N (88); terpendole O (89) | Pleurotus ostreatus | - | [55] |
| Subgroup: Miscellaneous alkaloids (Figures 7 and 8) | |||
| Dictyoquinazols A–C (92–94) | Dictyophora indusiata | Neuroprotective | [56] |
| Concavine (95) | Clitocybe concava | Weak antibacterial | [57] |
| Pyriferines A–C (96–98) | Pseudobaeospora pyrifera | - | [58] |
| Pycnoporin (99) | Pycnoporus cinnabarinus | Moderate antitumoral | [59] |
| Sinensine (100) | Ganoderma sinense | Protective against H2O2 oxidation | [60] |
| Sinensines B-D (101–103) | G. sinense | - | [61] |
| Sinensine E (104) | Ganoderma cochlear, Ganoderma luteomarginatum, and G. sinense | - | [61,62,63] |
| (+)-6S-Hydroxyganocochlearine A and (−)-6R-hydroxyganocochlearine A (105) | G. luteomarginatum | - | [62] |
| Ganocochlearine A (106) | Ganoderma australe, G. cochlear, and Ganoderma lucidum | Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory | [64,65,66] |
| Ganocochlearine B (107) | G. cochlear | - | [64] |
| Ganocalicine A (108) | Ganoderma calidophilum | Anti-allergic | [67] |
| Ganocalicine B (109) | G. australe and G. calidophilum | - | [65,67] |
| Ganocochlearine C (110); ganocochlearine H (115) |
G. australe and G. cochlear | - | [63,65] |
| Ganocochlearines D-F (111–113); ganocochlearine I (116) |
G. cochlear | - | [63] |
| Lucidimine A (117); lucidimine D (120) | G. lucidum | - | [66,68] |
| Lucidimine B (118) | G. lucidum | Antioxidant and antiproliferative | [66,68,69] |
| Lucidimine C (119) | G. cochlear and G. lucidum | Antioxidant | [63,66,68,69] |
| Lucidimine E (121) | G. lucidum | Anti-inflammatory | [66] |
| Ganoapplanatumine A (122) | Ganoderma applanatum | - | [70] |
| Ganoapplanatumine B (123) | G. applanatum and G. cochlear | - | [63,70] |
| Australine (124) | G. australe | Neuroprotective | [65] |
| Erinacerins M–P (125–128) | Hericium erinaceus | Moderate cytotoxic | [71] |
| Erinacerin V (129) | Hericium sp. | - | [72] |
| Rosallin A (130) | Mycena rosella | Herbicidal | [73] |
| Rosallin B (131) | M. rosella | - | [73] |
| Consoramides A–C (132–134) | Irpex consors | - | [74] |
| Stereumamide A (135) | Stereum hirsutum | Antibacterial | [75] |
| Stereumamide B (136); stereumamide C (137) | S. hirsutum | - | [75] |
| Stereumamide D (138) | I. consors and S. hirsutum | Antibacterial | [74,75] |