Figure 1.

Tissue section-based immune profiling tools. (A), conventional immunohistochemistry of an orthotopic mouse liver tumor demonstrates infiltration of CD8+ cells (DAB, brown color stain) into the tumor. (B), immunofluorescence of CD68+ (light blue) and CD8+ (magenta) illustrates accumulation of macrophages and T cells at the liver-tumor border in a rat model of liver cancer. (C), Multi-color immunofluorescence (pan-cytokeratin = magenta, blue = DAPI, red = CD3, green = CD8) is helpful to characterize accumulation of multiple cell types; in this case, these images were used to draw regions of interest (boxes) within which high-dimensional RNA sequencing was performed using the Nanostring GeoMX platform [26].