| Retinoids |
-Inhibition of comedogenesis, reduction of hyperkeratosis |
Isotretinoin, adapalene, motretinide, retinoil- β-glucuronide, tazarotene, tretinoin |
| - Anti-inflammatory effects |
|
| Antibiotics |
-Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis |
Lincosamide: Clindamycin |
| - Anti-inflammatory effects |
Macrolides: erythromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin |
|
Tetracyclines: doxycycline, lymecycline, minocycline |
| -Inhibition of bacterial nucleic acid replication |
Quinolone: levofloxacin |
| -Anti-inflammatory effects |
|
| -Interference with bacterial metabolism and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis |
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole |
| -Anti-inflammatory effects |
|
| Hormonal |
-Reduction of androgen activity |
Oral contraceptives, spironolactone, flutamide |
| -Reduced sebum production |
|
| Other antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents |
-Antimicrobial |
Azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, chemical peels, corticosteroids, dapsone, hydrogen peroxide, niacinamide, salicylic acid, sodium sulfacetamide, sulfur, triclosan, clofazimine, corticosteroids, ibuprofen, zinc sulfate |
| -Anti-inflammatory |
|
| -Keratolytic |
|
| -Comedolytic |
|
