Table 6.

Summary of prophylactic methods for vasovagal reactions.

Prophylactic Method	Beneficial in Prevention of Vasovagal Reactions?	Side Effects or Negative Consequences	References
Sedation	Yes	Risk of spinal cord/nerve injury Airway compromise Risk of aspiration Nausea/vomiting Allergic reactions Fatal cardiac arrhythmias Cannot operate motor vehicles shortly after procedure	Kennedy et al., 2015 [2] Diehn et al., 2013 [9] Hodges et al., 1998 [20] Schaufele et al., 2011 [21] Rathmell et al., 2011 [22]
Anxiolytics	Yes, albeit not studied for interventional pain management procedures	Cannot operate motor vehicles shortly after procedure Confusion Anterograde amnesia Agitation Increased risk of falling	Van Vlymen et al., 1999 [24] Ravitskiy et al., 2011 [26] Gebhardt et al., 2018 [27] James et al., 2005 [28]
Antimuscarinics	Yes, albeit not studied for interventional pain management procedures	Tachycardia * Dry mucous membranes Anhidrosis Urinary retention Constipation	Sun et al., 2017 [1] Mirakhur and Dundee 1980 [40] Santini et al., 1999 [41] Rama et al., 2012 [42] Chamchad et al., 2011 [43] Yang et al., 1996 [45]
IV fluids	Uncertain; not studied for interventional pain management procedures	Minimal to no side effects	Vidri et al., 2021 [13] Mahajan 2008 [46] Kamar et al., 2021 [48]

* More likely with atropine than glycopyrrolate, as reported in the literature.