Table 6.
Comparison of LODs and LOQs in selected methods.
| Analytes | Matrix | Sample preparation | Detection | LOD (ng/g) | LOQ (ng/g) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-Agonist (7) | Muscle, viscera | QuEChERS | LC–ESI(+)-MS | — | 1.00 | Our work |
| Cimateol | Milk | Modified QuEChERS approach | UPLC-QTOF-MS | 1.00 | 3.34 | [38] |
| Clenbuterol | 0.53 | 1.78 | ||||
| Ractopamine | 1.46 | 4.87 | ||||
| Clenbuterol | Butter, egg, fish, milk | SLE with ultrasonic-assisted extraction | LC-ESI(+)-MS | — | 0.02–0.17 | [25] |
| Clenbuterol | Pork | Acidic extraction, SPE/C18 clean-up | HPLC-UV | 0.02 | — | [39] |
| Ractopamine | 0.05 | — | ||||
| Salbutamol | 0.05 | — | ||||
| Clenbuterol | Bovine liver | extracted with acetonitrile and isopropanol | HPLC-UV | 0.20 | 0.42 | [18] |
| β-Agonist (5) | Feed | QuEChERS | LC-ESI(+)-MS | 15 | 50 | [40] |
| β-Agonist (7) | Feed, urine, serum, muscle, liver | SPE technology | UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS | 0.02–2.18 | 0.07–7.26 | [8] |
| β-Agonist (6) | Beef muscle, beef liver, goat muscle, goat liver | QuEChERS | LC-ESI(+)-MS | 0.30–1.00 | 0.90–3.20 | [41] |
| Clenbuterol | Liver | MSPD/MIP-SPE | LC–ESI(+)IT-MS | <0.10 | — | [42] |
| Zilpaterol | Feed | LPE/C18-SPE/derivative | GC–EI-MS | 8 | — | [43] |
| Zilpaterol | Urine, plasma, tissues, retina | hydrol/LLE/mixurea-SPE tissues: hydrolyzed/hexane defatted/Extrelut-SPE | LC–ESI(+)QqQ-MS | <0.10 | — | [16] |
| β-Agonists | Feed | LPE/Mixa-SPE or IA-SPE | LC–bioassay/Q-ToF-MS | 5–50 | — | [44] |
| β-Agonists | Retina | LPE/SPE/derivative | GC–EI-MS | 4–10 | — | [45] |
| β-Agonists | Liver | Deconjugation/HLB-SPE | SPR (screening) | 0.02–0.2 | — | [46] |
LOD = limit of detection; LOQ = limit of quantification.