Figure 1.

Anti-atherosclerotic effects of G. glabra. TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; AP-1, activator protein-1; IL, interleukins; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; COX, cyclooxygenase; ACAT, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; NADPH oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; NO, nitric oxide; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; PON2, paraoxonase 2; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.