Table 3.
Mean phytonutrient densitya levels per 2000 kcal in those meeting and those not meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations.
| Nutrients (Mean ± SE) | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| Meeters (n = 109) | Nonmeeters (n = 1337) | p a | Meeters (n = 153) | Nonmeeters (n = 1309) | p b | |
| ➝ | ➝ | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2508 ± 233 | 2262 ± 40 | 1758 ± 61 | 1670 ± 42 | ||
| Adjustedb | Adjustedb | |||||
| Carotenoids (μg) | ||||||
| α-Carotene | 1238 ± 329 (381) | 450 ± 69 (48) | <0.001 | 932 ± 158 (372) | 520 ± 41 (88) | <0.001 |
| β-Carotene | 9678 ± 1027 (7079) | 3459 ± 172 (1548) | <0.001 | 10829 ± 1148 (7658) | 4870 ± 247 (2565) | <0.001 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 351 ± 70 (107) | 108 ± 14 (5) | <0.001 | 403 ± 89 (188) | 154 ± 17 (15) | <0.001 |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 18517 ± 2461 (8914) | 6309 ± 386 (1175) | <0.001 | 22416 ± 2645 (12621) | 9546 ± 682 (1720) | <0.001 |
| Lycopene | 2299 ± 823 (1356c) | 1466 ± 181 (0c) | <0.001 | 2957 ± 709 (3365c) | 1777 ± 262 (0c) | <0.001 |
| Flavonoids (mg) | ||||||
| Anthocyanidins | 13 ± 2 (4) | 5 ± 1 (0) | <0.001 | 19 ± 4 (9) | 6 ± 1 (0) | <0.001 |
| Hesperetin | 18 ± 4 (12c) | 5 ± 1 (0c) | <0.001 | 20 ± 7 (14c) | 7 ± 2 (0c) | <0.001 |
| Quercetin | 18 ± 2 (13) | 15 ± 3 (7) | <0.001 | 17 ± 2 (10) | 11 ± 1 (5) | <0.001 |
| EGCG | 198 ± 57 (0.1) | 294 ± 86 (0.5) | <0.001 | 68 ± 15 (0.1) | 127 ± 13 (0) | <0.001 |
| Isoflavones (mg) | 16 ± 3 (1) | 14 ± 1 (1) | <0.001 | 19 ± 3 (3) | 15 ± 1 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error or mean ± standard error (median).
EGCG = epigallocatechin 3-gallate.
a
Phytonutrient/caloric intake × 2000 kilocalories.
b
Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare phytonutrient intakes between those meeting and not meeting recommended fruit and vegetable intakes.
c
75 percentile value is shown because the median for both meeters and nonmeeters is zero.