Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the PH groups.
| PH | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NoPH | Pre-capPH | IpcPH | CpcPH | p | |
| n = 174 | n = 46 | n = 78 | n = 82 | Value | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 84 ± 6 | 84 ± 6 | 82 ± 7 | 84 ± 6 | 0.165 |
| Height (cm) | 165 ± 9 | 163 ± 9 | 167 ± 9 | 163 ± 9 | 0.014 |
| Weight (kg) | 72 ± 15 | 68 ± 11 | 74 ± 15 | 69 ± 15 | 0.058 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 4.8 | 25.7 ± 4.2 | 26.5 ± 4.6 | 25.9 ± 5.7 | 0.767 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.81 ± 0.21 | 1.75 ± 0.18 | 1.84 ± 0.22 | 1.75 ± 0.21 | 0.021 |
| Gender (males, n, %) | 84 (48) | 15 (33) | 41 (53) ‡ | 27 (33) ‡ | 0.018 |
| Pre-intervention risk scores | |||||
| EuroSCORE (%, n = 372) | 12.1 [8.4–16.7] | 13.1 [9.7–20.1] | 14.9 [11.4–23.5] ‡ | 24.6 [16.1–39.9] ‡ | <0.001 |
| STS Score (%, n = 372) | 4.1 [2.9–6.4] | 5.3 [3.7–8.0] ‡ | 5.0 [3.6–9.1] ‡ | 6.7 [3.9–9.8] ‡ | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities and risk factors | |||||
| Diabetes (n, %) | 41 (24) | 13 (28) | 33 (42) ‡ | 22 (27) | 0.024 |
| Dyslipidaemia (n, %) | 119 (68) | 32 (70) | 55 (71) | 57 (70) | 0.989 |
| Arterial hypertension (n, %) | 133 (76) | 36 (78) | 72 (92) ‡ | 65 (79) | 0.029 |
| Smokers (n, %) | 9 (5) | 4 (9) | 8 (10) | 7 (9) | 0.482 |
| CAD (n, %) | 93 (53) | 21 (46) | 45 (58) | 48 (59) | 0.496 |
| Previous MI (n, %) | 22 (13) | 5 (11) | 9 (12) | 14 (17) | 0.675 |
| PAD (n, %) | 16 (9) | 8 (17) | 14 (18) | 17 (21) | 0.055 |
| COPD (n, %) | 20 (12) | 13 (28) ‡ | 16 (21) | 19 (23) ‡ | 0.017 |
| Renal failure (n, %) | 83 (48) | 20 (43) | 45 (58) | 45 (55) | 0.298 |
| Cancer (n, %) | 34 (20) | 12 (26) | 15 (19) | 17 (21) | 0.787 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter (n, %) | 35 (20) | 19 (41) ‡ | 34 (44) ‡ | 39 (48) ‡ | <0.001 |
| Presence of symptoms | |||||
| NYHA III or IV (n, %) | 116 (67) | 37 (80) | 57 (73) | 69 (84) ‡ | 0.018 |
| Syncope (n, %, n = 368) | 29 (17) | 3 (7) | 5 (7) | 7 (9) | 0.051 |
| Angina (n, %, n = 368) | 33 (19) | 8 (18) | 14 (19) | 18 (23) | 0.894 |
| Baseline medications | |||||
| Aspirin (n, %) | 98 (56) | 25 (54) | 43 (55) | 43 (52) | 0.951 |
| Oral anticoagulation (n, %) | 34 (20) | 15 (33) | 30 (39) ‡ | 40 (49) ‡ | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers (n, %) | 53 (31) | 20 (44) | 35 (45) ‡ | 45 (55) ‡ | 0.002 |
| ACE inhibitors (n, %) | 39 (22) | 11 (24) | 20 (26) | 17 (21) | 0.896 |
| ARBs (n, %) | 60 (35) | 13 (28) | 34 (44) | 25 (31) | 0.240 |
| Ca channel blockers (n, %) | 28 (16) | 9 (20) | 22 (28) | 19 (23) | 0.151 |
| Statin (n, %) | 101 (58) | 26 (57) | 44 (56) | 42 (51) | 0.785 |
BMI: Body mass index; BSA: Body surface area; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons; CAD: Coronary artery disease; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs; Angiotensin receptor blockers. ‡ vs. NoPH p < 0.05.