Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| N | Non-DR | DR | P-value | NPDR | PDR | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2093687 | 112932 | 101371 | 12686 | |||
| Age, years | 56.13 ± 12.31 | 62.44 ± 9.71 | <.0001 | 62.78 ± 9.66 | 59.51 ± 9.69 | <.0001 |
| < 40 | 186837 (8.92) | 1465 (1.3) | <.0001 | 1220 (1.2) | 268 (2.11) | <.0001 |
| 40 - 64 | 1357725 (64.85) | 61395 (54.36) | 53726 (53) | 8376 (66.03) | ||
| ≥ 65 | 549125 (26.23) | 50072 (44.34) | 46425 (45.8) | 4042 (31.86) | ||
| Sex, male | 1334288 (63.73) | 57324 (50.76) | <.0001 | 50678 (49.99) | 7301 (57.55) | <.0001 |
| Income, low 25% | 434550 (20.76) | 23475 (20.79) | 0.7987 | 20950 (20.67) | 2752 (21.69) | 0.7987 |
| Hypertension, yes | 1134728 (54.2) | 79267 (70.19) | <.0001 | 70779 (69.82) | 9286 (73.2) | <.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia, yes | 831044 (39.69) | 60448 (53.53) | <.0001 | 54328 (53.59) | 6693 (52.76) | <.0001 |
| Smoke | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Non | 1104687 (52.76) | 75461 (66.82) | 68188 (67.27) | 7956 (62.71) | ||
| Ex | 402061 (19.2) | 21930 (19.42) | 19593 (19.33) | 2581 (20.35) | ||
| Current | 586939 (28.03) | 15541 (13.76) | 13590 (13.41) | 2149 (16.94) | ||
| Drink | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Non | 1123840 (53.68) | 83631 (74.05) | 75046 (74.03) | 9385 (73.98) | ||
| Mild | 741937 (35.44) | 23984 (21.24) | 21521 (21.23) | 2730 (21.52) | ||
| Heavy | 227910 (10.89) | 5317 (4.71) | 4804 (4.74) | 571 (4.5) | ||
| Regular exercise, yes | 430197 (20.55) | 28171 (24.95) | <.0001 | 25420 (25.08) | 2981 (23.5) | <.0001 |
| Insulin, yes | 119473 (5.71) | 37165 (32.91) | <.0001 | 31755 (31.33) | 5767 (45.46) | <.0001 |
|
3 ≥ oral
Anti-diabetic medication, yes |
244538 (11.68) | 38148 (33.78) | <.0001 | 33577 (33.12) | 4917 (38.76) | <.0001 |
| DM duration, years | 2.56 ± 3.2 | 6.61 ± 2.52 | <.0001 | 6.59 ± 2.53 | 6.72 ± 2.51 | <.0001 |
| ≥ 5years | 557657 (26.64) | 88188 (78.09) | <.0001 | 78881 (77.81) | 10091 (79.54) | <.0001 |
| At the first health examination | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.13 ± 3.4 | 24.49 ± 3.19 | <.0001 | 24.53 ± 3.2 | 24.15 ± 3.09 | <.0001 |
| FBS., mg/dL | 145.86 ± 46.46 | 144.77 ± 54.89 | <.0001 | 143.79 ± 53.77 | 152.89 ± 62.98 | <.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 85.98 ± 36.25 | 77.59 ± 36.47 | <.0001 | 77.9 ± 36.43 | 75.1 ± 37.31 | <.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 197.65 ± 42.17 | 181.82 ± 41.32 | <.0001 | 181.42 ± 40.9 | 185.18 ± 44.35 | <.0001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.91 ± 21.85 | 50.45 ± 22.7 | <.0001 | 50.56 ± 22.93 | 49.65 ± 21.83 | <.0001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 111.91 ± 40.85 | 102.52 ± 38.39 | <.0001 | 102.15 ± 38.19 | 105.52 ± 40.14 | <.0001 |
| SBP, mmgHg | 129.09 ± 15.78 | 129.04 ± 16.29 | 0.2938 | 128.91 ± 16.14 | 130.08 ± 17.32 | 0.2938 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.35 ± 10.28 | 76.69 ± 10.05 | <.0001 | 76.62 ± 9.99 | 77.33 ± 10.5 | <.0001 |
Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number (%). DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood glucose; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.