Table 4.
Incidence rate (IR) and risk of insomnia in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with consideration for the interactive effect of diabetes mellitus (DM)-related variables.
| DR & PDR status | N | Insomnia | Duration | IR (per 1,000) | Model 3 | P for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM duration < 5years | Non-DR | 1536030 | 157096 | 11472011 | 13.6938 | 1 (ref.) | 0.0055 |
| DR | 24744 | 3942 | 181251.6 | 21.7488 | 1.171 (1.134, 1.209) | ||
| DM duration ≥ 5years | Non-DR | 557657 | 83850 | 4051881 | 20.6941 | 1 (ref.) | |
| DR | 88188 | 16735 | 617539.3 | 27.0995 | 1.113 (1.095, 1.132) | ||
| Insulin (–) | Non-DR | 1974214 | 219906 | 14700848 | 14.9587 | 1 (ref.) | 0.7568 |
| DR | 75767 | 12824 | 549886.2 | 23.3212 | 1.123 (1.103, 1.144) | ||
| Insulin (+) | Non-DR | 119473 | 21040 | 823043.8 | 25.5636 | 1 (ref.) | |
| DR | 37165 | 7853 | 248904.7 | 31.5502 | 1.129 (1.1, 1.159) | ||
|
3 < oral
anti-diabetic |
Non-DR | 1849149 | 204307 | 13728043 | 14.8825 | 1 (ref.) | 0.1119 |
| medication | DR | 74784 | 13478 | 529329.8 | 25.4624 | 1.135 (1.114, 1.156) | |
|
3 ≥ oral
anti-diabetic |
Non-DR | 244538 | 36639 | 1795849 | 20.4021 | 1 (ref.) | |
| medication | DR | 38148 | 7199 | 269461.1 | 26.7163 | 1.107 (1.079, 1.135) | |
| CKD (–) | Non-DR | 1887666 | 206590 | 14088198 | 14.664 | 1 (ref.) | <.0001 |
| DR | 86990 | 14727 | 631592 | 23.3173 | 1.084 (1.065, 1.103) | ||
| CKD (+) | Non-DR | 206021 | 34356 | 1435694 | 23.9299 | 1 (ref.) | |
| DR | 25942 | 5950 | 167198.9 | 35.5864 | 1.233 (1.199, 1.268) | ||
| DM duration < 5years | Non-DR | 1535689 | 157051 | 11469521 | 13.6929 | 1 (ref.) | 0.0026 |
| NPDR | 22490 | 3636 | 164882.4 | 22.0521 | 1.173 (1.135, 1.213) | ||
| PDR | 2595 | 351 | 18859.47 | 18.6113 | 1.145 (1.031, 1.272) | ||
| DM duration ≥ 5years | Non-DR | 556873 | 83707 | 4046336 | 20.6871 | 1 (ref.) | |
| NPDR | 78881 | 14939 | 552990.7 | 27.0149 | 1.102 (1.083, 1.122) | ||
| PDR | 10091 | 1939 | 70092.86 | 27.6633 | 1.214 (1.161, 1.271) | ||
| Insulin (-) | Non-DR | 1973446 | 219794 | 14695220 | 14.9568 | 1 (ref.) | 0.0026 |
| NPDR | 69616 | 11898 | 505173.9 | 23.5523 | 1.124 (1.102, 1.145) | ||
| PDR | 6919 | 1038 | 50340.49 | 20.6196 | 1.114 (1.048, 1.185) | ||
| Insulin (+) | Non-DR | 119116 | 20964 | 820637.4 | 25.546 | 1 (ref.) | |
| NPDR | 31755 | 6677 | 212699.2 | 31.3917 | 1.105 (1.075, 1.136) | ||
| PDR | 5767 | 1252 | 38611.84 | 32.4253 | 1.293 (1.221, 1.369) | ||
|
3 < oral
anti-diabetic medication |
Non-DR | 1848370 | 204172 | 13722513 | 14.8786 | 1 (ref.) | 0.1615 |
| NPDR | 67794 | 12219 | 480517 | 25.4289 | 1.127 (1.105, 1.148) | ||
| PDR | 7769 | 1394 | 54343.47 | 25.6517 | 1.228 (1.164, 1.295) | ||
|
3 ≥ oral
anti-diabetic medication |
Non-DR | 244192 | 36586 | 1793345 | 20.401 | 1 (ref.) | |
| NPDR | 33577 | 6356 | 237356.1 | 26.7783 | 1.097 (1.068, 1.127) | ||
| PDR | 4917 | 896 | 34608.86 | 25.8893 | 1.17 (1.095, 1.251) | ||
| CKD (-) | Non-DR | 1886803 | 206466 | 14081906 | 14.6618 | 1 (ref.) | <.0001 |
| NPDR | 78603 | 13379 | 570850.6 | 23.437 | 1.082 (1.062, 1.102) | ||
| PDR | 9250 | 1472 | 67033.02 | 21.9593 | 1.095 (1.04, 1.153) | ||
| CKD (+) | Non-DR | 205759 | 34292 | 1433951 | 23.9143 | 1 (ref.) | |
| NPDR | 22768 | 5196 | 147022.5 | 35.3415 | 1.208 (1.173, 1.245) | ||
| PDR | 3436 | 818 | 21919.3 | 37.3187 | 1.448 (1.351, 1.553) |
Model 3: Age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, drinking, regular exercise status, body mass index, fasting blood glucose level, insulin status, number of antidiabetic medications, and DM duration. CKD, chronic kidney disease.