Table 3. Predictors of HIV infection (prevalence) in participants aged 15–59 years by sex, Lesotho Population-based HIV Impact Assessment 2016–2017*.
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Per additional year of age (15–49) | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.23–1.35) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.23–1.29) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.19–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Area of Residence | ||||||||
| Urban | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- |
| Rural | 0·94 (0·81–1·11) | 0·46 | 0·63 (0·47–0·83) | 0·002 | 0·94 (0·84–1·05) | 0.24 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0·026 |
| Ecological Zone | ||||||||
| Lowlands | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- |
| Foothills | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 0.84 | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.751 | 0.86 (0.72–1.04) | 0.115 | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | 0.055 |
| Mountains | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 0.999 | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 0.010 | 0.90 (0.79–1.04) | 0.151 | 0.73 (0.60–0.88) | 0.002 |
| Wealth Quintile (per one unit increase) | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 0.004 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | <0.001 |
| Years of Schooling | ||||||||
| Per additional educational level attended | 0.88 (0.60–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.002 | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | <0.001 |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married/living Together | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- |
| Single | 0·19 (0·15–0.23) | <0·001 | 0.63 (0.48–0.84) | <0·001 | 0.49 (0.43–0.56) | <0·001 | 1.32 (1.09–1.61) | 0.007 |
| Divorced/Sep./Widowed | 2·47 (1·96–3·11) | <0·001 | 2.05 (1.59–2.66) | <0·001 | 3·18 (2.77–3.66) | <0·001 | 2.41 (2.06–2.83) | <0·001 |
| Lived Outside of Lesotho | ||||||||
| Never | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- |
| Once | 1·74 (1·41–2·14) | <0·001 | 1.06 (0.83–1.34) | 0.65 | 1.58 (1·35–1·85) | <0·001 | 1.18 (0.98–1.43) | 0.08 |
| Twice | 1.75 (1.22–2.50) | 0.004 | 1.00 (0.66–1.53) | 0.98 | 2.06 (1.42–2.99) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.96–2.12) | 0.07 |
| Three or More | 1.91 (1.49–2.45) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 0.72 | 1.49 (1.16–1.91) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.77–1.37) | 0.88 |
| Age at First Sex | ||||||||
| Younger than 15 years | 0·56 (0·44–0·72) | <0·001 | 1.03 (0.77–1.39) | 0.73 | 1.44 (1.17–1.92) | 0.019 | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 0.05 |
| Older than 15 years | 1.59 (1.15–2.19) | 0.007 | 0.93 (0.59–1.45) | 0.84 | 1.61 (1.15–2.27) | 0.008 | 1.08 (0.68–1.74) | 0.730 |
| Use of Condom at First Sex | ||||||||
| No | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- |
| Yes | 0.29 (0.24–0.36) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.57–0.93) | 0.01 | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | <0.001 |
| Overall Number of Partners | ||||||||
| 1 | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- |
| 2 | 1.09 (0.70–1.72) | 0.68 | 1.22 (0.75–2.00) | 0.41 | 1.85 (1.56–2.21) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.50–2.15) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 1.19 (0.79–1.78) | 0.39 | 1.21 (0.79–1.87) | 0.36 | 2.59 (2.21–3.03) | <0.001 | 2.40 (2.04–2.83) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 2.00 (1.28–2.89) | 0.001 | 1.59 (1.08–2.32) | 0.02 | 3.68 (3.09–4.40) | <0.001 | 3.10 (2.53–3.80) | <0.001 |
| 5 | 1.55 (1.08–2.22) | 0.019 | 1.88 (1.22–2.90) | 0.006 | 0.89 (0.72–1.09) | 0.24 | 2.43 (1.78–3.36) | <0.001 |
| Male Circumcision | ||||||||
| Traditional/Uncircumcised | Ref. | --- | Ref. | --- | --- | ---- | --- | --- |
| Medical Circumcision | 0.36 (0.30–0.43) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.44–0.70) | <0.001 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
*Data are survey weighted. Multivariable models constructed using variable chosen a priori looking at known risk factors for HIV from relevant published literature.