Table 3. List of relevant zoonosis in lemurs and other animals reported for animal-visitor interactions (detailed in Table B in S2 Appendix).
Values of risk characterization for existing control measure and additional control measure to be implemented (phase 2–5). (P = probability; D = damage; R = risk score; RR = risk rating; OR = Oral route; DC = Direct contact; A = Aerosol; CM = Contact with infected material and ingestion; CF = Contact with body fluids; L = Low; M = Medium; H = High).
| Hazard characterization–Exposure assessment | Risk characterization Phase 4 (Existing control measure) |
Risk characterization Phase 5 (Additional control measure to be implemented) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure Condition/ Scenario | Hazard | Consequences | P | D | R | RR | P | D | R | RR |
| A / CF | Mycobacterium tubercolosise M. bovis | Pulmonary tuberculosis/ extrapulmonary tuberculosis | 1 | 3 | 3 | L | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| OR | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Septicemia, abscess | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Escherichia coli | Mild/severe diarrhea; Haemolyticuraemic syndrome | 2 | 3 | 6 | M | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| OR | Salmonella enterica | Mild/severe diarrhea | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Shigella spp | Mild/severe diarrhea | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Vibrio cholera | Mild/severe diarrhea | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica | Acute enterocolitis, diarrhea, septicemia | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni | Bacteriaemia, Guillain-Barre syndrome | 2 | 3 | 6 | M | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| DC | Leptospira spp. | Kidney damage, liver failure meningitis, death | 2 | 3 | 6 | M | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| OR / A / DC | Francisella tularensis | High fever, chills, headache, focal ulcers, swollen lymph nodes | 2 | 3 | 6 | M | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| A / CM /CF | Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) |
Skin infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), intra-abdominal and respiratory infections | 2 | 3 | 6 | M | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| DC | Rabies lyssavirus | Cerebral dysfunction, death | 1 | 3 | 3 | L | 1 | 3 | 3 | L |
| DC / A | Lymphocryptovirus | Lymphadenopathy | 1 | 2 | 2 | L | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Cryptosporidium spp. | Mild/severe diarrhea | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Giardia duodenalis | Mild/severe diarrhea | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| OR | Entamoeba sp. | Stomach cramping, dysentery | 2 | 1 | 2 | L | 1 | 1 | 1 | L |
| OR | Encephalitozoon cunicoli, E.intestinalis; E. bieneusi | Diarrhea, Disseminated infection | 2 | 2 | 4 | M | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| DC | Trichophyton mentagrophytes | Reddish ring-shaped rash, that may be itchy/ eventually itchy | 1 | 2 | 2 | L | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |
| DC | Injuries | Bites and scratches | 1 | 2 | 2 | L | 1 | 2 | 2 | L |