Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analyses of association between PM2·5 exposure and PMPD.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (SE) | CI (95%) | Coefficient (SE) | CI (95%) | ||
| Household PM2.5 (μ) (ref = 0–27·55) | |||||
| 1st Quartile = 27·55–42·17 | -0·41 (0·35) | (-1·11–0·27) | -0·56 (0·38) | (-1·32–0·20) | |
| 2nd Quartile = 42·17–66·89 | -0·04 (0·35) | (-0·74–0·65) | -0·004 (0·38) | (-0·76–0·75) | |
| 3rd Quartile = 66·89 | -0·03 (0·35) | (-0·74–0·65) | -0·24 (0·37) | (-0·98 –-0·49) | |
| Number of Children (ref = 1) | |||||
| 2 | -0·35 (0·37) | (-1·07–0·37) | |||
| 3 | -0·30 (0·45) | (-1·18–0·57) | |||
| 4 | -1·87* (0·75) | (-3·34 –-0·40) | |||
| Cooking times/day (ref = Once/twice) | |||||
| Three times/day | -0·63 (0·42) | (-1·47–0·20) | |||
| Four times/day | -1·30** (0·46) | (-2·21 –-0·38) | |||
| Five times/day | 0·17 (0·64) | (-1·09–1·45) | |||
| Cooking Source (ref = Indoor) | |||||
| Outside | -0·71 (0·38) | (-1·46–0·03) | |||
Statistical significance: *, p<0·05;
**, p<0·01.
***, p<0·001; Model 1: Household PM2·5.
Model 2: Model 1 + number of children, child gender, marital status, mother’s age in years, education level, BMI, cooking times per day, cooking space mother’s malaria status, Mothers serum biomarkers on nutritional status, Folic acid, albumin, pre albumin, retinol binding-protein (RBP).