Table 2.
Age‐Standardized Rates (95% Uncertainty Intervals) Attributable to RHD in 1990 and 2019
| GBD superregion | Measure | Age‐standardized rate (per 100 000) | % Change (1990 to 2019) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2019 | |||||||||
| Both | Women | Men | Both | Women | Men | Both | Women | Men | ||
| Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | Incidence | 19.3 (17.2 to 21.7) | 20.7 (18.4 to 23.3) | 17.7 (15.6 to 20.1) | 17.4 (14.4 to 20.7) | 18.5 (15.4 to 21.8) | 16.1 (13.2 to 19.4) | −9.9 (−17.1 to −3.3) | −10.7 (−17.6 to −4.1) | −8.6 (−16.3 to −1.2) |
| Prevalence | 264.1 (235.3 to 297.4) | 292.1 (260.6 to 329.1) | 224.2 (198.4 to 255.6) | 254.2 (217.1 to 299.7) | 279.8 (239.4 to 329.5) | 222.6 (187.9 to 263.6) | −3.7 (−10.8 to 3.3) | −4.2 (−11 to 2.8) | −0.7 (−8.8 to 6.9) | |
| Deaths | 5.6 (5.4 to 5.9) | 5.8 (5.6 to 6.1) | 5.3 (5 to 5.7) | 1.8 (1.6 to 1.9) | 1.9 (1.7 to 2) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.8) | −68.4 (−71.6 to −65.4) | −68.1 (−71.1 to −64.5) | −69.4 (−73.3 to −65.9) | |
| DALYs | 198 (188.2 to 207.1) | 201.3 (191.9 to 211.1) | 191.1 (178 to 203.2) | 66.3 (59.2 to 74.1) | 68.4 (60.1 to 77.4) | 62.9 (56.5 to 71) | −66.5 (−69.7 to −62.9) | −66 (−69.6 to −62.3) | −67.1 (−71 to −62.9) | |
| YLLs | 185.4 (177 to 193.1) | 187.4 (179.4 to 195.7) | 180.4 (167.8 to 192) | 54 (48.4 to 59.5) | 54.9 (48.6 to 61.1) | 52.2 (46.7 to 58) | −70.9 (−73.9 to −67.9) | −70.7 (−73.8 to −67.2) | −71.1 (−74.8 to −67.4) | |
| YLDs | 12.6 (8 to 18.1) | 13.9 (8.9 to 20) | 10.7 (6.7 to 15.5) | 12.3 (7.5 to 18.3) | 13.5 (8.2 to 20) | 10.8 (6.6 to 16.1) | −2.4 (−9.5 to 4.3) | −3 (−9.9 to 4) | 0.8 (−7.6 to 8.6) | |
| High‐income | Incidence | 8.1 (7.2 to 9.1) | 8.9 (8 to 10) | 7.2 (6.4 to 8) | 7.2 (6.5 to 8) | 7.6 (6.9 to 8.4) | 6.8 (6.1 to 7.6) | −11.1 (−15.3 to −6.7) | −14.9 (−19.3 to −10.3) | −5 (−9.6 to 0.2) |
| Prevalence | 98.1 (86.8 to 109.4) | 108.5 (96.3 to 120.7) | 85.6 (75.4 to 95.9) | 93.1 (83.7 to 103.5) | 100.4 (90.1 to 111.1) | 85.4 (76.8 to 95.1) | −5.1 (−10.5 to 0.4) | −7.5 (−12.9 to −1.6) | −0.2 (−6.2 to 5.9) | |
| Deaths | 2.7 (2.5 to 2.8) | 3 (2.8 to 3.2) | 2.2 (2.1 to 2.3) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) | 1.1 (1 to 1.1) | −55 (−58.6 to −51.7) | −56.6 (−60.9 to −52.8) | −52.2 (−55.1 to −49.3) | |
| DALYs | 61.4 (58.8 to 64) | 68.9 (65.7 to 71.9) | 51.6 (49.4 to 54.1) | 24.6 (22.3 to 27) | 26.2 (23.5 to 28.9) | 22.4 (20.6 to 24.6) | −60 (−62.3 to −57.5) | −61.9 (−64.5 to −59.3) | −56.6 (−59 to −53.8) | |
| YLLs | 56.2 (54 to 57.9) | 63 (60.4 to 65.2) | 47.1 (45.6 to 48.9) | 19.7 (18 to 21.1) | 20.9 (18.8 to 22.8) | 18 (16.9 to 19.1) | −64.9 (−67 to −62.8) | −66.8 (−69.2 to −64.5) | −61.8 (−63.8 to −59.7) | |
| YLDs | 5.2 (3.5 to 7.5) | 5.8 (3.9 to 8.4) | 4.5 (2.9 to 6.5) | 4.9 (3.2 to 6.9) | 5.3 (3.5 to 7.6) | 4.4 (2.8 to 6.3) | −6.6 (−11.6 to −1.4) | −8.8 (−13.8 to −3.3) | −1.8 (−7.4 to 4.4) | |
| Latin America and Caribbean | Incidence | 39.2 (29.9 to 49) | 41.5 (31.6 to 51.7) | 36.9 (28 to 46.4) | 39 (29.5 to 48.9) | 41.5 (31.6 to 52.2) | 36.5 (27.7 to 45.9) | −0.6 (−1.8 to 0.5) | 0 (−1.7 to 1.7) | −1.1 (−2.8 to 0.4) |
| Prevalence | 652.9 (511.1 to 807.9) | 731.1 (574.6 to 900.2) | 571 (446.6 to 715.1) | 654.9 (511.5 to 812.1) | 738.8 (580.1 to 910.7) | 566.5 (441.6 to 708.4) | 0.3 (−0.9 to 1.6) | 1.1 (−0.8 to 2.8) | −0.8 (−2.3 to 0.9) | |
| Deaths | 3.1 (2.9 to 3.3) | 3.7 (3.4 to 4) | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.6) | 1.1 (1 to 1.2) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) | 0.8 (0.8 to 0.9) | −65 (−69.3 to −61.6) | −65.6 (−70.2 to −61.4) | −64.8 (−69.7 to −60.3) | |
| DALYs | 135.1 (121.4 to 152.1) | 161.8 (144.9 to 181.3) | 107 (94.2 to 122.5) | 64.7 (51.3 to 81) | 75.3 (59.7 to 93.9) | 53.2 (41.7 to 68.2) | −52.1 (−58.3 to −45.9) | −53.4 (−59.8 to −46.9) | −50.2 (−57.3 to −43.2) | |
| YLLs | 104.1 (99.1 to 110.4) | 127.2 (117.5 to 136.5) | 79.7 (74.7 to 86.3) | 33.6 (29.7 to 38) | 40.3 (34.7 to 47) | 26.2 (23.2 to 29.6) | −67.8 (−71.7 to −63.9) | −68.3 (−72.5 to −63.7) | −67.2 (−71.5 to −62.4) | |
| YLDs | 31 (18.4 to 47.7) | 34.6 (20.6 to 52.7) | 27.2 (16.1 to 42.2) | 31.2 (18.4 to 48.2) | 35 (20.8 to 54) | 27.1 (15.9 to 42.3) | 0.6 (−0.8 to 2) | 1.3 (−0.8 to 3.4) | −0.5 (−2.5 to 1.4) | |
| North Africa and Middle East | Incidence | 23.8 (18.6 to 29.6) | 24.5 (19.2 to 30.4) | 23 (17.9 to 28.8) | 25.6 (19.7 to 31.9) | 26.5 (20.4 to 32.9) | 24.8 (19 to 31) | 7.8 (3.5 to 11.6) | 8.3 (3.8 to 12.3) | 7.5 (3 to 11.7) |
| Prevalence | 368.8 (293.2 to 455.9) | 395.7 (313.7 to 488.5) | 343.2 (271.8 to 429.3) | 388.9 (304.7 to 483.5) | 420 (328.6 to 521) | 360.4 (282.5 to 449) | 5.4 (1.3 to 8.5) | 6.1 (1.6 to 9.8) | 5 (0.9 to 8.8) | |
| Deaths | 4.5 (3.4 to 6.7) | 5.3 (3.8 to 7.5) | 3.7 (2.3 to 6.3) | 1.6 (1.4 to 2) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) | 1.4 (1 to 1.8) | −63.4 (−74.6 to −52.5) | −63.5 (−74 to −46.8) | −62.9 (−77.5 to −43.9) | |
| DALYs | 173.1 (139.6 to 223.6) | 209.4 (157.4 to 256.5) | 138.2 (94.4 to 205.2) | 67.1 (54.2 to 82.4) | 77.1 (60.9 to 94.4) | 57.7 (42.2 to 74.8) | −61.3 (−70.2 to −52.1) | −63.2 (−71 to −48.7) | −58.2 (−71.4 to −40.2) | |
| YLLs | 155.2 (123.3 to 205) | 190.4 (139.9 to 235.6) | 121.5 (76.7 to 184.8) | 48.2 (38 to 60.8) | 56.9 (43.2 to 71.3) | 40.2 (27 to 54.2) | −68.9 (−77.1 to −59.4) | −70.1 (−77 to −55.6) | −66.9 (−78.4 to −49.5) | |
| YLDs | 17.9 (10.5 to 27.4) | 19 (11.3 to 29) | 16.7 (9.8 to 25.8) | 18.8 (11.1 to 29.2) | 20.2 (12 to 31.3) | 17.6 (10.3 to 27.1) | 5.5 (1.1 to 9.1) | 6.1 (1.2 to 10.7) | 5 (0.3 to 9.5) | |
| South Asia | Incidence | 42.4 (31.9 to 53.2) | 49.2 (36.7 to 61.3) | 36.1 (27.3 to 45.6) | 43 (32.2 to 54.2) | 49.2 (36.6 to 62) | 37.1 (27.9 to 47.1) | 1.3 (−1.7 to 4.3) | 0 (−4.1 to 3.9) | 2.7 (−0.6 to 5.6) |
| Prevalence | 623.9 (481.5 to 781.4) | 737.2 (565.6 to 923.1) | 519.5 (404.4 to 659.7) | 645.1 (498.2 to 811.7) | 752.7 (579.1 to 945.3) | 540.7 (415.8 to 684.7) | 3.4 (0.5 to 6.2) | 2.1 (−1.6 to 5.8) | 4.1 (1.3 to 6.9) | |
| Deaths | 20.7 (16.9 to 26.4) | 20.7 (16.2 to 25.4) | 20.7 (14.6 to 30.7) | 11.2 (8.6 to 13.4) | 12.2 (8.6 to 16.4) | 10.1 (7.7 to 14.5) | −45.9 (−59.6 to −30.6) | −41 (−59.1 to −17.5) | −51 (−64.9 to −35.3) | |
| DALYs | 630.7 (525.2 to 772.2) | 650 (519.8 to 782.7) | 613.1 (456.2 to 852.3) | 348.5 (272.4 to 412.2) | 382.2 (278.6 to 511.1) | 314.9 (246.9 to 417.6) | −44.7 (−56.5 to −32.2) | −41.2 (−55.4 to −23.3) | −48.6 (−60.3 to −33.7) | |
| YLLs | 600.4 (495.2 to 739.6) | 614.4 (483.9 to 743.1) | 587.6 (431.3 to 824.7) | 317 (243.6 to 381) | 345.7 (243.6 to 470) | 288.3 (222.1 to 388.9) | −47.2 (−58.9 to −34.1) | −43.7 (−58.9 to −24.9) | −50.9 (−62.8 to −35.7) | |
| YLDs | 30.3 (18.4 to 46.3) | 35.5 (21.8 to 54) | 25.5 (15.4 to 39) | 31.5 (19 to 48) | 36.5 (22.2 to 55.5) | 26.6 (15.9 to 40.8) | 3.9 (1 to 6.5) | 2.7 (−1 to 6.4) | 4.4 (1.1 to 7.5) | |
| Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | Incidence | 26 (20.5 to 32.2) | 27.4 (21.6 to 33.7) | 24.7 (19.4 to 30.6) | 21.9 (17.2 to 27.1) | 23.3 (18.3 to 28.9) | 20.6 (16.1 to 25.7) | −15.9 (−17.7 to −14.3) | −15 (−17 to −13.1) | −16.3 (−18.3 to −14.3) |
| Prevalence | 397.1 (316 to 491.9) | 431 (345.5 to 533.1) | 364.1 (288.5 to 452) | 355.3 (283.6 to 436.6) | 394.4 (316.3 to 484.5) | 317.2 (253.7 to 391.2) | −10.5 (−12.4 to −8.6) | −8.5 (−10.7 to −6.4) | −12.9 (−15.2 to −10.3) | |
| Deaths | 14.3 (12.4 to 16.8) | 16.8 (13.9 to 20.4) | 11.6 (9.4 to 13.8) | 3.5 (3 to 4) | 3.6 (2.9 to 4.3) | 3.5 (2.8 to 4.3) | −75.4 (−81.2 to −69.1) | −78.8 (−84.1 to −72) | −69.9 (−78.5 to −57.3) | |
| DALYs | 356 (310.9 to 405.9) | 430.5 (361.4 to 514.7) | 280.1 (231 to 329.1) | 91.8 (79.6 to 103.9) | 96.4 (81.9 to 112.3) | 87.5 (72 to 103.8) | −74.2 (−79.2 to −69) | −77.6 (−82.7 to −71.6) | −68.8 (−76.6 to −58.1) | |
| YLLs | 335.9 (293.2 to 385.1) | 408.5 (340.3 to 491.5) | 261.8 (213.4 to 309) | 73.5 (62.9 to 83.4) | 75.8 (62.7 to 89.7) | 71.3 (57.8 to 86) | −78.1 (−82.7 to −73) | −81.4 (−85.8 to −75.8) | −72.8 (−80.2 to −62) | |
| YLDs | 20.2 (12.1 to 30.9) | 22 (13.4 to 33.4) | 18.4 (11.1 to 28.4) | 18.3 (11 to 27.8) | 20.5 (12.4 to 31) | 16.2 (9.7 to 24.9) | −9 (−11.2 to −6.6) | −6.6 (−9.2 to −3.8) | −11.9 (−14.6 to −8.9) | |
| Sub‐Saharan Africa | Incidence | 67.3 (50.6 to 85.6) | 69.4 (52 to 88.2) | 65.1 (48.9 to 82.4) | 70 (52.4 to 88.8) | 72.4 (54 to 91.9) | 67.6 (50.4 to 85.9) | 4.1 (2.6 to 5.8) | 4.4 (2.6 to 6.3) | 3.7 (2 to 5.8) |
| Prevalence | 984.2 (766.4 to 1237.4) | 1028.3 (799.3 to 1287.9) | 938.7 (730.1 to 1179.7) | 1030.9 (799 to 1297.8) | 1080 (833.7 to 1349.2) | 978.4 (757.7 to 1232.7) | 4.8 (3.4 to 6.3) | 5 (3.3 to 6.8) | 4.2 (2.5 to 6.2) | |
| Deaths | 5.7 (4.6 to 6.8) | 6 (4.4 to 7.4) | 5.3 (3.7 to 7.6) | 2.6 (2.1 to 3) | 2.5 (2 to 3.2) | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.3) | −54.9 (−63.8 to −44.7) | −58.1 (−66.4 to −47.1) | −50.8 (−64.3 to −32.4) | |
| DALYs | 216.8 (178.4 to 259.6) | 233.6 (180.6 to 281.5) | 199.5 (151 to 258.7) | 119.8 (94.9 to 148.8) | 121.3 (94.6 to 151.7) | 118.2 (91.5 to 149.4) | −44.7 (−54.6 to −34.7) | −48.1 (−56.9 to −36.6) | −40.8 (−54.9 to −25.2) | |
| YLLs | 169.8 (138.2 to 205.9) | 184.7 (136.7 to 226.4) | 154.4 (111.1 to 216.4) | 70.4 (58 to 85.3) | 69.8 (54.3 to 88.1) | 71.1 (56.2 to 90.7) | −58.5 (−67.5 to −48.8) | −62.2 (−69.4 to −51.5) | −54 (−67.4 to −37.1) | |
| YLDs | 47 (27.9 to 73.5) | 48.9 (29 to 76.4) | 45 (26.6 to 70.7) | 49.4 (29.4 to 76.9) | 51.5 (30.8 to 80.2) | 47.1 (27.8 to 73.8) | 5.1 (3.7 to 6.8) | 5.3 (3.3 to 7.2) | 4.7 (2.7 to 6.7) | |
DALY indicates disability‐adjusted life year; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; RHD, rheumatic heart disease; YLDs, years lived with disability; and YLLs, years of life lost.