Figure 5. In human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), mitochondrial Ca²⁺ entry is enhanced by treatment with estradiol.

A, Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ transients, as assessed by Pericam imaging, in response to ATP (10 μmol/L), in HAECs treated with testosterone, estradiol, or diluent (nontreated [NT]) for 72 hours. B, Peak amplitude for the response to ATP in (A). C, Area under the curve (AUC) after addition of ATP as in (A). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 by Kruskal‐Wallis test. n=6 independent experiments. Estr indicates estradiol; Test, testosterone.