Table 1.
The summary characteristics in eligible study and involved individuals.
| Study | Country | Sample size | Mean age (yr) | Male (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | Smoking (%) | Hypertension (%) | DM (%) | Prevention | Intervention | Follow-up | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burr 1989 [23] | UK | 2033 (1015/1018) | 56.5 | 100.0 | NA | 62.0 | 23.6 | NA | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs nil or oily fish advice (or capsule) vs not | 2.0 yr | 3 |
| Eritsland 1996 [24] | Norway | 610 (317/293) | 60.0 | 86.9 | 25.3 | 19.2 | 22.3 | 6.9 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs nil | 1.0 yr | 4 |
| GISSI-P 1999 [25] | Italy | 11324 (5666/5658) | 59.4 | 85.3 | 26.5 | 42.4 | 35.6 | 14.8 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs nil | 3.5 yr | 5 |
| Nilsen 2001 [26] | Norway | 300 (150/150) | 64.0 | 79.3 | 26.0 | 38.7 | 24.3 | 10.3 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs corn oil | 2.0 yr | 3 |
| Bemelmans 2002 [27] | Netherlands | 266 (109/157) | 54.1 | 44.0 | NA | 49.2 | 48.5 | NA | Primary | a-linolenic acid vs omega-6 | 2.0 yr | 4 |
| Burr 2003 [28] | UK | 3114 (1571/1543) | 61.1 | 100.0 | 28.2 | 23.7 | 48.0 | 12.4 | Secondary | Oily fish or capsules n-3 EPA + DHA vs nil | 3.0–9.0 yr | 3 |
| Leaf 2005 [29] | USA | 402 (200/202) | 65.5 | 83.1 | NA | 12.2 | NA | NA | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs MUFA | 1.0 yr | 4 |
| Raitt 2005 [30] | USA | 200 (100/100) | 62.5 | 86.0 | NA | NA | 50.5 | 23.5 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs MUFA | 2.0 yr | 4 |
| Brouwer 2006 [31] | Europe (8 countries) | 546 (273/273) | 61.5 | 84.1 | 26.9 | 12.3 | 50.7 | 15.9 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs MUFA and n6 | 1.0 yr | 5 |
| Yokoyama 2007 [32] | Japan | 18645 (9326/9319) | 61.0 | 31.5 | 24.0 | 19.0 | 35.5 | 16.0 | Primary and secondary | EPA capsule vs nil | 5.0 yr | 4 |
| GISSI-HF 2008 [33] | Italy | 6975 (3494/3481) | 67.0 | 78.3 | 27.0 | 14.2 | 54.6 | 28.3 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs MUFA | 3.9 yr | 5 |
| Tuttle 2008 [34] | USA | 101 (51/50) | 58.0 | 74.3 | 30.5 | 27.7 | 46.5 | 19.8 | Secondary | EPA + DHA vs MUFA | 2.0 yr | 4 |
| Quinn 2010 [35] | USA | 402 (238/164) | 76.0 | 47.8 | 26.0 | 23.4 | NA | NA | Primary | N-3 DHA vs n-6 LA | 1.5 yr | 5 |
| Kromhout 2010 [36] | Netherlands | 4837 (2404/2433) | 69.0 | 78.1 | 27.8 | 16.8 | 89.7 | 21.0 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs nil | 3.3 yr | 5 |
| Einvik 2010 [37] | Norway | 563 (282/281) | 70.1 | 100.0 | 26.5 | 34.0 | 28.0 | 14.5 | Primary | N-3 DHA + EPA vs n-6 LA also dietary advice intervention | 3.0 yr | 4 |
| Rauch 2010 [38] | Germany | 3818 (1925/1893) | 64.0 | 74.4 | 27.5 | 36.7 | 66.5 | 27.0 | Secondary | Omega-3 vs olive oil | 1.0 yr | 5 |
| Galan 2010 [39] | France | 2501 (1253/1248) | 60.6 | 79.4 | 27.2 | 10.9 | NA | NA | Primary | N-3 omega-3 vs paraffin (non-fat), also B vitamin comparison | 4.0 yr | 5 |
| ORIGIN 2012 [40] | 40 locations in Europe and the Americas | 12536 (6281/6255) | 63.5 | 65.0 | 29.8 | 12.3 | 79.5 | NA | Primary | N-3 omega-3 vs MUFA | 6.0 yr | 5 |
| Macchia 2013 [41] | Argentina | 586 (289/297) | 66.1 | 54.8 | NA | 7.6 | 91.4 | 12.9 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs MUFA | 1.0 yr | 4 |
| Risk & Prevention 2013 [42] | Italy | 12513 (6244/6269) | 64.0 | 61.5 | NA | 21.8 | 84.6 | 59.9 | Primary | N-3 omega-3 vs olive oil | 5.0 yr | 4 |
| Nigam 2014 [43] | Canada | 316 (153/163) | 61.0 | 66.8 | 29.0 | NA | 43.4 | 8.2 | Secondary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs n-6 | 1.0 yr | 3 |
| AREDS2 2014 [44] | USA | 4203 (2147/2056) | 74.3 | 43.2 | NA | 56.6 | NA | 13.0 | Primary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs nil | 5.0 yr | 5 |
| Doi 2014 [45] | Japan | 115 (57/58) | 70.0 | 74.8 | 24.0 | 34.8 | 68.7 | 37.4 | Secondary | N-3 EPA vs nil | 1.0 yr | 3 |
| Alfaddagh 2017 [46] | USA | 240 (126/114) | 63.0 | 85.0 | 30.7 | NA | 83.3 | 28.3 | Secondary | N-3 omega-3 vs nil | 2.5 yr | 3 |
| ASCEND 2018 [47] | UK | 15480 (7740/7740) | 63.3 | 62.6 | 30.8 | 8.3 | NA | 100.0 | Primary | N-3 EPA + DHA vs MUFA | 7.4 yr | 5 |
| Pahor 2019 [48] | USA | 289 (148/141) | 77.6 | 52.6 | 31.4 | NA | 69.2 | 23.5 | Primary | N-3 vs PUFA plus or minus losartan | 1.0 yr | 4 |
| Bhatt 2019 [49] | 11 Countries in Westernised, Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific | 8179 (4089/4090) | 64.0 | 71.2 | 30.8 | NA | NA | 58.5 | Primary and secondary | N-3 omega-3 vs paraffin oil | 4.9 yr | 5 |
| Manson 2019 [50] | USA | 25871 (12933/12938) | 67.1 | 49.4 | 28.1 | 7.2 | 49.8 | 13.7 | Primary | N-3 omega-3 vs MUFA | 5.3 yr | 5 |