Table 2.
Subgroup analyses.
| Outcomes | Variables | Group | RR and 95% CI | P value | Heterogeneity (%) | P value for heterogeneity | P value between subgroups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major cardiovascular events | Sample size | = 1000 | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | .038 | 65.3 | .001 | 1.000 |
| < 1000 | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | .406 | 61.4 | .008 | |||
| Mean age (yr) | = 60.0 | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | .184 | 57.6 | .001 | .080 | |
| < 60.0 | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | .066 | 79.5 | .008 | |||
| Male proportion (%) | = 80.0 | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | .036 | 0.0 | .781 | .399 | |
| < 80.0 | 0.95 (0.88–1.01) | .122 | 69.7 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | = 28.0 | 0.90 (0.79–1.04) | .158 | 81.6 | .479 | ||
| < 28.0 | 0.97 (0.90–1.03) | .323 | 36.2 | .119 | |||
| Not reported | 0.95 (0.89–1.04) | .295 | 0.0 | .637 | |||
| Smoking (%) | = 30.0 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | .479 | 34.4 | .165 | ||
| < 30.0 | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | .161 | 50.0 | .029 | |||
| Not reported | 0.96 (0.65–1.40) | .819 | 68.2 | .024 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | = 50.0 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | .486 | 0.0 | .494 | .002 | |
| < 50.0 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | .076 | 63.0 | .008 | |||
| Not reported | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | .296 | 81.0 | .001 | |||
| DM (%) | = 20.0 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | .346 | 72.5 | .134 | ||
| < 20.0 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | .108 | 54.9 | .018 | |||
| Not reported | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | .851 | 8.5 | .335 | |||
| Prevention | Primary | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | .050 | 68.0 | .001 | .237 | |
| Secondary | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | .540 | 57.3 | .007 | |||
| Follow-up (yr) | = 3.0 | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | .040 | 65.1 | .001 | .877 | |
| < 3.0 | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | .474 | 62.5 | .003 | |||
| Study quality | High | 0.93 (0.88–1.00) | .037 | 70.0 | .619 | ||
| Low | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | .949 | 28.4 | .212 | |||
| All-cause mortality | Sample size | = 1000 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | .421 | 47.6 | .029 | .158 |
| < 1000 | 0.77 (0.56–1.07) | .121 | 7.7 | .371 | |||
| Mean age (yr) | = 60.0 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | .751 | 16.0 | .255 | .004 | |
| < 60.0 | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | .042 | 38.3 | .182 | |||
| Male proportion (%) | = 80.0 | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) | .135 | 61.0 | .012 | .155 | |
| < 80.0 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | .358 | 4.7 | .400 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | = 28.0 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | .750 | 48.2 | .085 | .621 | |
| < 28.0 | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | .593 | 33.4 | .123 | |||
| Not reported | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | .258 | 41.9 | .126 | |||
| Smoking (%) | = 30.0 | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | .130 | 38.9 | .133 | .017 | |
| < 30.0 | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | .919 | 12.0 | .319 | |||
| Not reported | 0.73 (0.37–1.42) | .353 | 46.5 | .171 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | = 50.0 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | .504 | 13.6 | .321 | .763 | |
| < 50.0 | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | .492 | 61.8 | .005 | |||
| Not reported | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | .135 | 0.0 | .667 | |||
| DM (%) | = 20.0 | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | .244 | 20.8 | .265 | .670 | |
| < 20.0 | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | .835 | 52.9 | .024 | |||
| Not reported | 0.92 (0.79–1.09) | .334 | 28.5 | .221 | |||
| Prevention | Primary | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | .618 | 10.5 | .346 | .239 | |
| Secondary | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | .336 | 46.5 | .029 | |||
| Follow-up (yr) | = 3.0 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | .682 | 27.7 | .181 | .024 | |
| < 3.0 | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | .178 | 28.6 | .157 | |||
| Study quality | High | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | .233 | 23.5 | .171 | .714 | |
| Low | 0.86 (0.61–1.23) | .415 | 66.8 | .017 | |||
| Cardiac death | Sample size | = 1000 | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | .050 | 48.7 | .029 | .205 |
| < 1000 | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | .105 | 0.0 | .702 | |||
| Mean age (yr) | = 60.0 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | .146 | 20.6 | .224 | .015 | |
| < 60.0 | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | .003 | 9.2 | .347 | |||
| Male proportion (%) | = 80.0 | 0.83 (0.63–1.09) | .189 | 68.5 | .004 | .518 | |
| < 80.0 | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | .013 | 0.0 | .768 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | = 28.0 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | .492 | 64.8 | .014 | .431 | |
| < 28.0 | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | .007 | 0.0 | .755 | |||
| Not reported | 0.85 (0.62–1.15) | .279 | 40.7 | .150 | |||
| Smoking (%) | = 30.0 | 0.80 (0.71–0.91) | .001 | 0.0 | .721 | .016 | |
| < 30.0 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | .462 | 33.1 | .134 | |||
| Not reported | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | .032 | 0.0 | .390 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | = 50.0 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | .151 | 0.0 | .594 | .135 | |
| < 50.0 | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | .306 | 55.6 | .021 | |||
| Not reported | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | .004 | 0.0 | .901 | |||
| DM (%) | = 20.0 | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | .006 | 0.0 | .516 | .774 | |
| < 20.0 | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) | .518 | 52.3 | .040 | |||
| Not reported | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | .289 | 53.3 | .092 | |||
| Prevention | Primary | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | .053 | 0.0 | .506 | .838 | |
| Secondary | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | .173 | 51.3 | .025 | |||
| Follow-up (yr) | = 3.0 | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | .245 | 37.1 | .112 | .012 | |
| < 3.0 | 0.80 (0.70–0.90) | < .001 | 0.0 | .626 | |||
| Study quality | High | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | .001 | 0.0 | .708 | .430 | |
| Low | 0.85 (0.52–1.37) | .500 | 80.7 | .001 | |||
| Myocardial infarction | Sample size | = 1000 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | .091 | 63.4 | .002 | .818 |
| < 1000 | 0.97 (0.59–1.59) | .890 | 0.0 | .431 | |||
| Mean age (yr) | = 60.0 | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | .028 | 47.9 | .023 | .101 | |
| < 60.0 | 1.03 (0.68–1.55) | .889 | 46.8 | .130 | |||
| Male proportion (%) | = 80.0 | 1.07 (0.73–1.59) | .723 | 39.1 | .177 | .082 | |
| < 80.0 | 0.87 (0.76–0.98) | .026 | 48.7 | .021 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | = 28.0 | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | .102 | 79.5 | .001 | .424 | |
| < 28.0 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | .165 | 0.6 | .419 | |||
| Not reported | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | .956 | 17.0 | .304 | |||
| Smoking (%) | = 30.0 | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | .441 | 12.4 | .336 | .001 | |
| < 30.0 | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | .055 | 36.4 | .117 | |||
| Not reported | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | 0.0 | .515 | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | = 50.0 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | .762 | 2.4 | .407 | .051 | |
| < 50.0 | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | .501 | 58.1 | .026 | |||
| Not reported | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | .140 | 56.4 | .076 | |||
| DM (%) | = 20.0 | 0.82 (0.71–0.93) | .003 | 24.7 | .249 | ||
| < 20.0 | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | .017 | 9.2 | .359 | |||
| Not reported | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) | .127 | 3.9 | .373 | |||
| Prevention | Primary | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | .045 | 62.7 | .006 | .190 | |
| Secondary | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | .948 | 21.0 | .256 | |||
| Follow-up (yr) | = 3.0 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | .022 | 61.3 | .008 | .053 | |
| < 3.0 | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | .588 | 10.2 | .350 | |||
| Study quality | High | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | .013 | 50.1 | .020 | .022 | |
| Low | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) | .167 | 0.4 | .404 | |||
| Stroke | Sample size | = 1000 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | .616 | 32.7 | .146 | .861 |
| < 1000 | 0.92 (0.36–2.35) | .861 | 0.0 | .736 | |||
| Mean age (yr) | = 60.0 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | .976 | 10.7 | .340 | .171 | |
| < 60.0 | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) | .163 | 0.0 | .545 | |||
| Male proportion (%) | = 80.0 | 1.23 (0.91–1.64) | .174 | - | - | .183 | |
| < 80.0 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.000 | 4.7 | .400 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | = 28.0 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | .279 | 18.0 | .297 | .047 | |
| < 28.0 | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | .145 | 0.0 | .771 | |||
| Not reported | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | .112 | 0.0 | .710 | |||
| Smoking (%) | = 30.0 | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | .193 | 0.0 | .671 | .019 | |
| < 30.0 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | .511 | 0.0 | .663 | |||
| Not reported | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | .015 | 0.0 | .796 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | = 50.0 | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | .436 | 29.6 | .224 | .372 | |
| < 50.0 | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | .322 | 0.0 | .758 | |||
| Not reported | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) | .512 | 41.4 | .163 | |||
| DM (%) | = 20.0 | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | .851 | 62.5 | .031 | .354 | |
| < 20.0 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | .252 | 0.0 | .926 | |||
| Not reported | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | .365 | 0.0 | .695 | |||
| Prevention | Primary | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | .795 | 23.5 | .234 | .063 | |
| Secondary | 1.19 (0.99–1.44) | .065 | 0.0 | .916 | |||
| Follow-up (yr) | = 3.0 | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | .872 | 31.1 | .169 | .226 | |
| < 3.0 | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) | .213 | 0.0 | .803 | |||
| Study quality | High | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | .684 | 23.8 | .210 | .757 | |
| Low | 1.08 (0.72–1.61) | .719 | 0.0 | .645 |