Table 1.

The mechanism of anti-viral action of some glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and their derivatives

Component	Mechanism of anti-viral action	Viral type
Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA)	Affects the extracellular secretion of HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), which increases liver dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis B	HBV
Glycyrrhizin (GL)	Inhibits the secretion of HBsAg by inhibiting the transport of HBsAg within the cell through the Golgi region	HBV
Glycyrrhizin (GL)	Removes sialic acid from the surface of HBsAg, which leads to an increase in the antigenicity of the HBsAg. Improves the anti-HBV influence of other drugs such as Lamivudine and ETV	HBV
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) derivatives	Potentiate γ-interferon production in vitro and in vivo	DENV and yellow fever viruses
Glycyrrhizin (GL)	Stimulation of the development of IFN-gamma by T cells. Reduction of the endocytotic and virus uptake	Influenza virus
Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives	Inhibits VZV (varicella-zoster virus) replication in an initial cycle stage of replication	(HSV-1)
Glycyrrhizin (GL)	Improves the action of famciclovir in recurrent genital herpes	Genital herpes virus
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA)	Affects the stimulation of β-chemokine development by competing with chemokine receptor-mediated cellular HIV infection. Affects a variety of signaling pathways, including casein kinase II, protein kinase II, and transcription factors	HIV
Glycyrrhizin (GL)	Inhibits viral particles in full-length HCV and core gene expression of HCV	HCV