Table 2.

The mechanism of anti-microbial action of some glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and their derivatives

Component	Mechanism of anti-microbial action	Microbial type
Glycyrrhetinic acid, and its derivatives as GR-K and GR-S	Several carbohydrates and amino acid metabolism pathways are inhibited	S. aureus
Glycyrrhizic acid	Improves the action gentamicin against	Enterococcus strains
Glycyrrhizic acid	Inhibits the membrane efflux activity and alteration of the membrane permeability and biofilm	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid	Enhances of the activity of aminoglycosides antibiotics	MRSA
Disodium succinyl glycyrrhizinate	Inhibits the sugar uptake and metabolism, causing the inhibition of S. mutans growth	S. mutans strains
Glycyrrhizic acid	Inhibits the arylamine NAT activity which leads to inhibition of growth of H. pylori	Helicobacter pylori
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid	Improves the action of the first-line drugs, which can be used against Mycobacterium bovis	Mycobacterium bovis
Flavonoid of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGards)	Inhibits the protein synthesis, DNA gyrase, and dihydrofolate reductase	Helicobacter pylori