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. 2022 Jul 28;13:4368. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31881-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a The AFM image of cellulose fibers. b The AFM image of cellulose nanofibrils. c, The average diameter estimates of cellulose fibers and cellulose nanofibrils. d The typical SEM image of cellulose fibers, e The typical SEM image of cellulose fiber/lignin composite. f The typical SEM image of cellulose fiber/modified lignin composite. g The typical SEM image of cellulose nanofibrils. h The typical SEM image of cellulose nanofibril/lignin composite. i The typical SEM image of RAPIMER composite. j The FTIR spectra of lignin, polyethylenimine, modified lignin, and modified lignin after PFAS adsorption. The top light blue line: lignin, the second top dark lune line: polyethylenimine, the third green line: modified lignin, the fourth yellow-green line: PFOA adsorbed modified lignin, the bottom purple line: PFOS adsorbed modified lignin. k The XPS spectra of different lignin, modified lignin, and modified lignin after PFAS adsorption. The top green line: PFOA adsorbed modified lignin. The second blue line: PFOS adsorbed modified lignin. The third red line: modified lignin. The bottom black line: lignin. For SEM images, the experiment was reproduced n = 3 times.The Source data is provided as a Source Data file.