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. 2022 Jul 28;13:4368. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31881-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The PFOA adsorption kinetics of the bioinspired composite and their components. b The PFOS adsorption kinetics of the bioinspired composite and their components. Blue diamond and curve: modified lignin, yellow-green triangle and curve: RAPIMER, orange triangle and curve: cellulose fiber/modified lignin composite, green triangle: cellulose nanofibrils, purple triangle: cellulose nanofibril/lignin composite, green square: cellulose fibers. Each time points are triplicate measurements. Due to the small variations, some replicates are overlapped and all points are shown in the figures (the invisible standard derivations are not applied in the figure due to the small variations). c pH dependence of the modified lignin and RAPIMER composite adsorption capacity. Red open circle, RAPIMER composite; black open square, modified lignin. d pH of zero charge of the modified lignin and RAPIMER composite. Red solid circle, RAPIMER composite; black solid square, modified lignin. e Adsorption efficiency of the RAPIMER composites for PFOA and PFOS at 1 and 10 µg/L. The peristaltic pump filtration system was employed for this PFAS adsorption measurements (Supplementary Fig. S8). The experiment was reproduced n = 3 times. f Adsorption efficiency of the RAPIMER composites for 1 mg/L PFOS, PFOA, anionic dye, chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) mixtures in the rain water. The peristaltic pump filtration system was employed for this PFAS adsorption measurements (Supplementary Fig. S8). The mean with error bar represents the average value and standard deviation (SD) of experimental replicates. The experiment was reproduced n = 4 times (The ICP-MS measurement was reproduced twice due to the high precision). The Source data is provided as a Source Data file.