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. 2022 Jul 28;13:4368. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31881-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The adsorption isotherms of the modified lignin and RAPIMER composite binding with PFOA. b The adsorption isotherms of the modified lignin and RAPIMER composite binding with PFOS. The solid red line: Langmuir fitting model. The dotted blue line: Freundlich fitting model. Top fitting: modified lignin. Bottom fitting: RAPIMER. Each concentration had triplicate measurements and all overlapped points were shown in the figures (the invisible standard derivations are not applied in the figure due to the small variations). The experiment was reproduced n = 3 times. c The SEM image of PFOA adsorbed RAPIMER composite. d The EDX image of PFOA adsorbed RAPIMER composite with color coding for different elements. Red: carbon, green: oxygen (28.0 wt%), blue: nitrogen (1.4 wt%), purple: fluorine (21.4 wt%). e The SEM image of PFOS adsorbed RAPIMER composite. f The EDX image of PFOS adsorbed RAPIMER composite with color coding for different elements. Red: carbon (51.0 wt%), green: oxygen (27.2 wt%), blue: nitrogen(1.1 wt%), purple: fluorine(19.0 wt%), yellow: sulfur (1.7 wt%). g The SEM and EDX images of PFAS/dye/metals contaminants as-adsorbed RAPIMER composite with color coding for different elements. purple: fluorine, yellow: sulfur, blue violet: chromium, light green: cadmium, emerald green: lead, orange: copper, green: sodium, and blue green: chlorine. The results were based on three repeated measurements and all replicates are shown in the figures. The experiment was reproduced n = 3 times.