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. 2022 Jul 28;12:12940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17314-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results from the dye infiltration test. (a) Exemplary front view of a melamine foam showing dye infiltration and (b) the middle section (dashed line from the front view) showing the dye infiltration depth. The green triangle depicts the direction of sonication. (c) Front view and (d) the section view of an exemplar agar block that does not show sonication-related dye infiltration. The effects of different pulse durations (PDs in ms; CW = continuous wave) on (e) infiltration inlet diameter and (f) depth. The effect of FUS given at 100 ms PD with a DC of 10% on the (g) inlet diameter and (h) depth of TbO infiltration. I_SPTA was maintained at 0.5 W/cm² throughout the conditions. Error bar: standard error. *post-hoc Tukey HSD, P < 0.001 following ANOVA.