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. 2022 Jul 28;12:12940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17314-9

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematics of the sonication setup for enhancing CSF solute movement in rat brain. (a) Illustration of the tFUS setup and the site of the CSF tracer injection. The transducer was mounted to a 2-axis mechanical stage and the animal was positioned over the stereotactic frame that moves vertically. (b) Sonication was delivered in the ventral direction through coupling PVA hydrogel and (c) to the dorsal direction below the neck. The green cones depict the acoustic profile.