Table 4.
Summary of study kinematic and kinanthropometric correlations to underwater kick velocity
| Reference | Kinematic variables (a) | Kinanthropometric variables (b) | Correlation to UUS velocity | Regression (r2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | ||||
| Alves et al. [6] |
Foot resultant acceleration Kick frequency |
Transverse elbow amplitude |
0.94** 0.90* |
0.90* | |
| Atkison et al. [10] |
Max vertical toe velocity(UK) Horizontal kick displacement(DK) Max vertical toe velocity(DK:UK) |
Max knee flex/ext angle Max knee ext angle Max ankle flex/ext angle Max chest flex angle Max chest flex/ext angle Max ankle ext angle |
0.63* 0.63* − 0.73* |
0.88* 0.84* 0.67* 0.61* 0.52* 0.45* |
|
| Connaboy et al. [34] |
Max knee angular velocity Max knee angular velocity, max ankle angular velocity and knee ROM Max knee angular velocity, max ankle angular velocity and knee ROM |
0.63*** |
0.94 (participant as fixed factor) 0.40 (no fixed factor) |
||
| Higgs et al. [15] |
Peak vertical toe velocity Body wave velocity Peak hip angular velocity (UK) Mean knee angular velocity (UK) UK duration |
0.85* 0.78* 0.73* − 0.63* − 0.79* |
|||
| Hochstein and Blickhan [7] | Kick frequency | 0.43** | |||
| Houel et al. [36] |
Hip: Angle of attack (thigh) + Phase time (ankle) COM: Angle of attack (thigh) + Phase time (ankle) COM: Angle of attack (foot) COM: Phase time (Knee) Hip: Kick frequency Hip: Angle of attack (trunk) COM: Phase time (ankle) COM: Kick Amplitude |
0.89*** 0.79** 0.7** 0.68** 0.68** 0.56** 0.52* 0.43* |
|||
| Houel and Elipot [37] |
Kick frequency (7 m) Angle of attack (leg) (5.5 m) Angle of attack (thigh) (6.5 m) Angle of attack (trunk) (5.5 m) Angle of attack (foot) (6 m) Kick amplitude (5.5 m) |
0.67* − 0.63* − 0.65* − 0.65* − 0.65* − 0.66* |
|||
| Ikeda et al. [41] |
Shoulder (°) Lower trunk (°) angular displacement in deceleration phase Upper leg (rad/s) angular displacement in acceleration phase Ankle (m) Lower leg (°) Lower trunk (°) angular displacement in acceleration phase Inferior end of the rib (m) Relative coordinate value to GT shoulder (m) Lower trunk (°) |
0.80* 0.68* − 0.67* − 0.68* − 0.70* − 0.72* − 0.87** − 0.87** − 0.91** |
|||
| Willems et al. [24] |
Dorsi flex strength Ankle internal rotation strength |
0.53* 0.47* |
|||
Values for each study are listed from highest to lowest correlation
Kinematic variables (a), Kinanthropometric variables (b), UUS undulatory underwater kick, UP up kick, DK down kick, max maximal, flex flexion, ext extension, ROM range of motion
*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p < 0.001