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. 2022 Jul 15;9:965899. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.965899

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

BCAAs and cardiovascular diseases. Impaired BCAA metabolism leads to less BCAA translocation into the TCA, activating mTOR and GDH pathways and accumulating BCKAs and further leads to metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial damage and cellular autophagy. These processes are also involved in cellular inflammation, aging, obesity and diabetes mellitus, and further contribute to cardiovascular disease.