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. 2022 Jul 15;4:937879. doi: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.937879

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Schematic structure and activity of TALEN and CRISPR/cas9 for genome editing. (A): TALENs and CRISPR/cas9 are engineered to bind a target sequence of interest by assembly from TALE repeat units specific to each base pair or simple cloning into sgRNA expression vector, respectively. (B): Nuclease-induced genome editing. Double strand break can be repaired by Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can lead to small insertions and deletions (indels) at the DBS site, whereas HDR can lead to more precise mutations from a DNA donor template. (C): Schematic representation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system where HNH and RuvC represents 2 nuclease domains of Cas9. The single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecule directs Cas9 protein to a specific DNA target. The Cas 9 cleaves genomic DNA upstream to the PAM (Protospacer Adjacent Motif) sequence. The Cas9 can be fused to different modulators or editors to mediate gene expression regulation or base editing.