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. 2022 Jul 15;9:963413. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963413

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Copyright © 2022 Pathak, Singh, Singh, Sharma, Singh, Gupta, Mishra, Mishra and Tripathi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A schematic illustration of bioactive molecule sources and development, as well as their involvement in drug delivery systems and molecular mechanisms against different cancer cells. (A) Development of bioactive compounds; (B) Sources of biopolymers from plants, animals and microorganisms; (C) Mode of action of anticancerous molecules via TGF–β signaling pathway, death receptor, mitochondrial receptor–induced pathways against cancer cells; (D) A mechanism of suppressing tumor cells using biopolymers in conjunction with drugs; (E) The effect of bioactive molecules from plant extracts on the underlying mechanisms of cancer development [modified and adapted from Lin et al. (76)]. ODC, Ornithine decarboxylase; DMBA, 7,12-Dimethylbenz(α)anthracene; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; NF-Kb, Transcription factor; p-ERK, Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; ENK, c-Jun-N terminal kinase; AIF, Apoptosis-inducing factor; FasL, Fas Ligand; ErbB3, Receptor tyrosine kinase; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor beta; ERK, Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; AKT1, Serine/threonine-protein kinase; SMAD2, SMAD family member 2; Mdm2, Mouse double minute 2 homolog; PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; p53 and p21, Tumor protein; WAF1/CIP1, Wildtype activating factor-1/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein-1; cdc2, Cell division cycle 2; HMGB1, High mobility group box 1; Smac, Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase; EndoG, Endonuclease G; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum; TRAIL, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TNF RI, Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; Rb, Retinoblastoma protein; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; uPA, Urokinase plasminogen activator; BP, Biopolymers.