Table 2.
Modification and effects of “armed” oncolytic virus.
| Modification type | “Armed”OVs | Modified features | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carries the PD-1/PD-L1 antibody gene | VV-iPDL1/GM | Co-expression of PD-L1 inhibitor and GM-CSF | Enhanced PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor sensitivity | (69) |
| VSVM51R-PD-L1 | Expression of a single-chain antibody Fv fragment encoded by the PD-L1-targeting antibody avelumab | Effective inhibition of tumour growth | (70) | |
| HSV-aPD-1 | Encoding humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody | Improving the immune microenvironment to increase susceptibility to ICIs | (71) | |
| PD1-BCMNs-OA | Bioengineered cell nanomembranes carrying PD-1 | Effective activation of tumour-infiltrating T cells to increase anti-tumour immune response | (72) | |
| Carriage of other genes enables enhanced anti-PD-1 treatment | hIL-7/mIL-12-VV | Dual expression of IL-7 and IL-12 | Enhancing inflammatory response to alter TME to improve anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 sensitivity | (73) |
| ONCR-177 | Carries five transgenes: IL12, FLT3LG, CCL4, anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 | Activating systemic immunity to enhance anti-PD-1 therapy | (74) | |
| ZD55-IL-24 | Insertion of the anti-tumour gene mda-7 and IL-24 gene | Increasing tumour immune infiltration to enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy | (75) | |
| Ad-Cab | Cloning from a novel PD-L1 ICI with a cross-hybrid Fc region of IgG and IgA | Activates multiple immune pathways to kill tumour cells | (76) |