Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jul 29;23:543. doi: 10.1186/s12864-022-08780-6

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 7 — Conserved and absent elements of anti-viral signaling in Aplysia californica. In vertebrates, pattern recognition receptors for viral nucleotides signal through two major adapter proteins, Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) in the case of viral DNA and Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling protein (MAVS) in the case of viral RNA. Both adapters facilitate the activation of Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) which activates Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) that upregulate the transcription of Type 1 Interferons (IFN) to martial an antiviral response. Aplysia californica appears to lack orthologs of both STING and MAVS, as well as several viral DNA sensors found in vertebrates (grey filled boxes), suggesting possible divergent signaling pathways. Viral DNA sensors: DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors (DAI); Pyrin and hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear (HIN) domain (PYHIN) such as IFI16 and AIM2; DExD/H-box helicase 41 (DDX41); Cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS); DNA protein Kinase complex (DNAPK) comprised of DNAPK catalytic subunit (DNAKPKc), Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70 (Ku70), and Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p80 (Ku80); and the complex made up of Meiotic recombination 11 (MRE11) and DNA repair protein RAD50. RNA sensors are RIG-I-like Receptors (RLR)