Table 2.

Results of univariate logistic regression analysis to detect risk factors for depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Variables		Depression			Anxiety
		OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Sociodemographic characteristics
	Sex, female	1.605	1.120–2.111	<0.001***	1.424	1.129–1.795	0.003**
	School level, middle school	1.224	0.887–1.689	0.219	0.948	0.731–1.229	0.687
	Religious, yes	1.133	0.839–1.530	0.416	1.079	0.835–1.395	0.560
	Academic achievement level, poor	1.151	0.808–1.640	0.435	1.373	1.016–1.855	0.039*
	Academic achievement level, average	1.178	0.845–1.643	0.334	1.342	1.008–1.786	0.044*
	Underlying mental illness, yes	1.783	0.368–8.634	0.472	0.065	4.351–0.534	0.557
	Underlying physical illness, yes	1.506	0.843–2.690	0.167	0.729	2.110–1.240	0.427
COVID-19 infection and quarantine experience
	Personal infection experience, yes	1.241	0.144–10.67	0.844	0.754	0.088–6.472	0.797
	Experience of infected acquaintances, yes	1.355	0.510–3.600	0.542	1.198	0.508–2.826	0.680
	Personal quarantine experience, yes	1.134	0.631–2.039	0.674	1.328	0.814–2.165	0.256
	Experience of quarantine of acquaintances, yes	1.034	0.747–1.431	0.839	1.194	0.911–1.563	0.199
Questionnaire items related to changes in daily life patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic
	Convenience food intake, increased	1.125	0.846–1.496	0.419	1.104	0.866–1.407	0.424
	Sleeping time, increased	0.975	0.723–1.316	0.869	1.106	0.861–1.420	0.431
	TV watching time, increased	1.365	1.011–1.841	0.042*	1.411	1.093–1.821	0.008**
	Internet usage, increased	1.226	0.931–1.615	0.146	0.981	0.775–1.242	0.874
	PC or smartphone usage, increased	1.143	0.868–1.506	0.341	1.065	0.842–1.134	0.600
	Exercise, increased	0.844	0.585–1.217	0.363	1.141	0.852–1.526	0.376
Questionnaire items related to psychosocial stress associated with COVID-19
	Fear of COVID-19 infection, score	1.736	1.485–2.028	<0.001***	1.786	1.563–2.040	<0.001***
	Academic-related stress, score	1.157	1.030–1.300	0.014*	1.167	1.057–1.289	0.002**
	Stress caused by changes in eating and sleeping patterns, score	1.112	0.982–1.259	0.094	1.055	0.949–1.172	0.324
	Stress caused by changes in daily activities, score	1.117	0.986–1.265	0.083	1.091	0.983–1.121	0.102
Psychiatric scales
	UCLA Loneliness Scale-3, score	1.041	0.953–1.138	0.369	0.996	0.992–1.075	0.909
	Perceived Stress Scale-10, score	1.031	1.007–1.056	0.011*	1.009	0.989–1.029	0.396
	Korean version of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, score	0.967	0.944–0.991	0.006**	0.997	0.977–1.018	0.776

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval