Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and Kicer values of the sample
| Healthy controls (N=12) | Patients |
Statistics | p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-TRS (N=12) | TRS (N=12) | Statistics | p value | Total (N=24) | |||||
| Age (yr) | 30.3±8.4 | 31.3±8.1 | 31.1±9.8 | t=0.068, df=22 | 0.946 | 31.2±8.8 | F=0.05, df=2.33 | 0.951 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 8/4 | 9/3 | 8/4 | χ2=0.202, df=1 | 0.653 | 17/7 | χ2=0.262, df=2 | 0.877 | |
| PANSS total score | 31.7±1.1 | 49.7±7.9 | 50.3±11.1 | t=-0.170, df=22 | 0.867 | 50.0±9.4 | t=-6.687, df=34 | <0.001 | |
| Positive scale | 7.0±0.3 | 11.2±2.3 | 10.8±2.7 | t=0.481, df=22 | 0.635 | 11.0±2.5 | t=-5.366, df=34 | <0.001 | |
| Negative scale | 7.2±0.5 | 12.8±2.8 | 13.2±5.2 | t=-0.245, df=22 | 0.809 | 13.0±4.1 | t=-4.867, df=1 | <0.001 | |
| General scale | 17.3±1.0 | 25.5±3.9 | 26.3±6.0 | t=-0.361, df=22 | 0.722 | 26.0±5.0 | t=-5.878, df=34 | <0.001 | |
| Duration of Illness (month) | 144.7±77.8 | 111.3±108.2 | t=0.869, df=22 | 0.394 | 128.0±93.1 | ||||
| Antipsychotic (N) | Clozapine (12) | Risperidone (5), paliperidone (3), olanzapine (4) | |||||||
| Antipsychotic dose (mg) | 282.3±126.9 | Risperidone: 4.0±1.5, paliperidone: 8.0±1.7, olanzapine: 11.9±12.1 | |||||||
| Chlorpromazine equivalent dose (mg) | 261.4±117.5 | 285.4±153.2 | t=-0.430, df=22 | 0.671 | |||||
| Duration of exposure to current antipsychotics (mo) | 76.3±12.4 | 64.1±18.2 | t=0.556, df=22 | 0.584 | |||||
| Concomitant medications (N) | |||||||||
| None | 4 | 6 | |||||||
| SSRI | 4 | 2 | |||||||
| Benzodiazepine | 4 | 3 | |||||||
| Antiparkinsonian agent | 3 | 4 | |||||||
| Kicer (1/min) associative striatum | 0.01483±0.00131 | 0.01318±0.00136 | 0.01420±0.00126 | t=-1.91, df=22 | 0.069 | F=5.396, df=2 | 0.009 | ||
| Kicer (1/min) limbic striatum | 0.01439±0.00115 | 0.01315±0.00107 | 0.01411±0.00076 | t=-2.513, df=22 | 0.020 | F=5.627, df=2 | 0.008 | ||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise indicated. The chlorpromazine equivalent dose was calculated based on the formula from Andreasen et al.[32] (2010). One patient treated with risperidone was given long-acting injectable risperidone. The dose of long-acting injectable risperidone was converted to oral equivalent (Bai et al.,[33] 2007). SSRI includes escitalopram and fluoxetine in non-TRS group and escitalopram, sertraline and fluoxetine in TRS group. Benzodiazepine includes lorazepam and clonazepam in non-TRS group and lorazepam, alprazolam, and clonazepam in TRS group. Antiparkinsonian agent indicates medication for treating extrapyramidal symptoms including propranolol, benztropine, and trihexyphenidyl in both groups. PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; TRS, treatment-resistant schizophrenia; non-TRS, treatment-responsive schizophrenia; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor