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. 2022 Jul 15;13:925993. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925993

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Copyright © 2022 Rahman, Akter, Dorotea, Mazumder, Uddin, Hannan, Hossen, Ahmed, Kim, Kim and Uddin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mitochondria dysfunction in kidney diseases. Stress stimuli, such as hyperglycemia (HG), unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), cisplatin, and ischemia cause an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidants. Under stress stimuli, the expression of transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and forkhead box O (FOXO) decreases, activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase leading to excessive ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. This oxidative stress also reduces the transcription of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione synthetase (GSS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and thioredoxin (Trx). Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. The activated dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) disturbs mitochondrial dynamics and causes mitochondria fragmentation. Moreover, various stress stimuli can induce mtDNA damage. Altogether, these cause changes in mitochondria structure and function, exacerbating kidney disease progression. Key: AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CAT, catalase; DN, diabetic nephropathy; Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1; FOXO, forkhead-box class O; GSH, glutathione; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GM, gentamycin; HN, hyperuricemic nephropathy; MDA, malondialdehyde; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIRT1, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Trx, thioredoxin; UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction.