Table 3.
Neuropsychological features of healthy controls and MND patients.
| Healthy controls | sMND | TARDBP MND | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (total sample) | 22 | 11 | 11 | |
| Global cognition | ||||
| MMSE | 29.33 ± 0.81 [28–30] | 28.22 ± 0.97 [27–30] | 28.00 ± 3.06 [20–30] | 0.157 |
| (22) | (9) | (10) | ||
| Memory | ||||
| Digit span forward | 6.33 ± 1.13 [4–9] | 6.13 ± 1.64 [4–9] | 5.44 ± 1.24 [3–7] | 0.361 |
| (15) | (8) | (9) | ||
| RAVLT delayed | 9.00 ± 3.48 [3–15] | 9.75 ± 3.81 [4–15] | 7.22 ± 2.64 [4–13] | 0.274 |
| (15) | (8) | (9) | ||
| RAVLT recognition | 14.23 ± 1.01 [12–15] | 14.40 ± 0.89 [13–15] | 14.29 ± 0.95 [13–15] | 0.960 |
| (13) | (5) | (7) | ||
| Executive functions | ||||
| CPM | 30.92 ± 3.66 [22–35] | 30.43 ± 5.11 [21–36] (7) | 28.29 ± 6.31 [16–34] | 0.775 |
| (13) | (7) | |||
| Digit span backward | 4.60 ± 0.91 [3–6] | 4.75 ± 1.17 [3–6] | 4.33 ± 1.23 [3–6] | 0.783 |
| (15) | (8) | (9) | ||
| Visuospatial abilities | ||||
| Rey figure copy | 31.60 ± 2.30 [29–35] | 30.67 ± 2.08 [29–33] | 30.13 ± 6.25 [21.5–36] | 0.762 |
| (4) | (3) | (4) | ||
| Language | ||||
| BADA (noun) | 29.86 ± 0.38 [29, 30] | 29.67 ± 0.81 [28–30] | 28.71 ± 1.38 [27–30] | 0.039 |
| (7) | (6) | (7) | ||
| BADA (action) | 28.00 ± 0.00 [28] | 27.67 ± 0.51 [27, 28] | 24.86 ± 2.34 [21–27] | 0.002 |
| (7) | (6) | (7)*$ | ||
| Token test | 32.70 ± 2.14 [30–35] | 33.70 ± 1.50 [33–36] | 33.25 ± 1.26 [32–35] | 0.451 |
| (6) | (4) | (4) | ||
| Fluency | ||||
| Index PF*** | 4.79 ± 2.35 [3.28–12.05] | 6.07 ± 4.04 [1.90–13.50] | 9.54 ± 8.95 [2.72–31.00] | 0.181 |
| (13) | (8) | (8) | ||
| Index SF*** | 3.63 ± 0.81 [2.49–5.53] | 4.15 ± 1.93 [2.20–8.04] | 10.59 ± 15.99 [3.49–50.00] | 0.244 |
| (13) | (7) | (8) | ||
| Mood & Behavior | ||||
| FBI total | 1.25 ± 0.96 [0–2] | 3.38 ± 4.27 [0–13] | 0.234 | |
| (4) | (7) | |||
Values are numbers or means ± standard deviations [range] (N of subjects). P-values refer to ANOVA models, followed by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons adjusted for age, sex and education.
BADA, battery for aphasic deficit analysis; CPM, colored progressive matrices; FBI, Frontal Behavioral Inventory; PF, phonemic fluency; SF, semantic fluency; sMND, sporadic motor neuron disease.
significantly different from healthy controls;
$, significantly different from sMND;
verbal fluency indices were obtained as following: time for generation condition—time for control condition (reading or writing generated words)/total number of items generated. Bold indicates significant values.